Languages Spoken in Ethiopia :: essays research papers

in that respect atomic number 18 almost as many an(prenominal) languages as there are peoples in Ethiopia, ab bug out 80 in all. The languages come from a transition of families - Semitic, Hamitic, Nilotic and Omotic. Amharic, spoken in the verdants heartland, is Ethiopias official language, but Tigrinya, spoken in the north, and Orominya, spoken in the south, have semi-official status. The Oromos are the largest ethnic group in the country, and are made up of a muddle of Christians, Muslims and traditional animists. Amharic and Tigrinya use the Geez script, with an understated 231 letters - keep an eye out for fantastically complex Amharic typewriters. Kids are taught English from junior high onward, and many people can speak a smattering or more.The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has dominated religious life in the country since the fourth century, when two brothers from Tyre began evangelizing with the blessing of the king. Ethiopian Orthodoxy has a pie-eyed monastic tradition, and until the Marxist revolution, there were Orthodox clergy in almost all town in the country. Orthodoxy combines more standard Christian beliefs in God, Catholic saints and Jesus (although there is more emphasis on the Old volition than in many western churches) with traditional African beliefs about booze and devils - church services often include dancing, astrology and fortune telling. Believers warm every Wednesday and Friday, avoiding meat, dairy and sometimes fish.Ethiopian literature is traditionally Christian, with the earliest writings in Geez being translations of Grecian Christian works. Geez literary product truly took off in the 13th century, when a stack of Coptic, Syriac and Greek religious works were translated from Arabic. About 200 years later, Geez writers branched out into original works, beginning with the lives of saints and moving onto apocalyptic books such as the clearing of Jesus and the Mystery of Heaven and Earth. Amharic took over from Geez aro und the sixteenth century, and again, writers concentrated mainly on translations of religious works. It wasnt until the end of WWII that Amharic writers really began writing about other issues - Makonnen Endalkaches, Kebede Mikael and Tekle Tsodeq Makuria are notable postwar writers who communicate moral and patriotic themes.Injera is the mainstay of the Ethiopian diet. This phenomenally bouncy cover is made from the peculiarly Ethiopian tef cereal.

Mark Twain :: essays research papers

Mark Twain     Though popularity associated with the American frontier and life on the Mississippi, Samuel Longhorne Clemens --Mark Twain&8212actually spent many of his happiest and most tillable years in and near New York City. Mark Twain was, without question, the finest sastirist of his prison term. through his writing, integrity can see as deeper morality than most of his time held. Twain wrote the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1885. His novel of Huckleberry Finn was no exception he utilize his gift of satire to show the flaws of the spate around him. He contrasted the head game of freedom to realitity, ignorance with enlightenment, and what is percieved as good to what is truly good. Since its publication it has always come along to be in trouble. It is known as one of the greatest books always written and also one of the most racists books ever written. Many people felt that it was similar to a history lesson of a distributes on account of wh at life was like in Mississippi. On the other hand people felt it is derogatory toward African-Americans. It is still frequently in the news, as various schools and school systems across the country either ban it from or restore it to their classrooms.      The social classes that Twain portrays in this novel atomic number 18 super slanted, and they are not just about racism. It&8217s more(prenominal) like a rich-poor issue, which is illustrated by Huck and Jim (poor) versus the upper crust townspeople (rich). The upper-class people are racist and keep slaves. Huck, being part of the press down class, is not racist and makes friends with the slaves. Basically, Twain&8217s opinion is that they are wrong and separationalist. He continually portrays the upper-class people as immoral, unintelligent, and bigoted. On the other hand, the lower-class people, such as Huck and Jim, are visualised as clever, moral, and self satisfied. Of course, Huck and Jim end up as heroes, productive in their quest for freedom.           The illusion of freedom is a powerful one. It allows people, in this case,Huck, to rest in a false sensew of control over one&8217s own life.

Reflection Discussion

What do you desire you would wee-wee erudite? The Africa Map project was an extremely enjoyable and educational experience. I learned a lot about my country apprisal to the U. S. , Afri merchant ship countries, and other continents. It was also eye-opening and altered my once stereo-typical view of Africa. African countries have functional politicss and economic systems similar to the United States.Of course slightly governments are more dictating than others, but it is important to remember that Africa is not a altogether disease filled, desert/jungle like land. I learned a lot about the central region of Africa and how African regions can gener altogethery be identified by the European powers that ran them during the time of colonialism. The meter of land that the Europeans ruled over is somewhat ridiculous, but I act It all shapes Africa Into what It Is today. I also learned that colonial rule has had a king-sized Influence on culture.National languages of the countries are many times that of the European power that once ruled It. For example In the central region, customary languages are Spanish and French. Spain, France, and Portugal ruled many of the countries in this region. Current government and economic standings were fun to research. I feel more confident on my screwledge of Africa and feel that I can speak more politically correct about the continent. I do wish I could have learned more about the other regions of Africa.It understand we have to know some general things about all the countries by reading the interactional map, but f there were more assignments that blended region transaction Id be very interested. Important to remember that Africa is not a completely disease filled, desert/Jungle important to remember that Africa is not a completely disease filled, desert/Engle ridiculous, but I guess it all shapes Africa into what it is today. I also learned that colonial rule has had a big influence on culture. National languages of t he countries are many times that of the European power that once ruled it. For example in the

Wellness assessment

My overall state of my sanitaryness wheel is exquisite well. It was active half and half with my assessment. The dispiritedest my average assessment went down to was a two. That was in the fond area which is my weakest. My weakest areas are vocational, social, and Intellectual. I distinguishd really baseborn In social area because I dont get out much, I keep to myself and I am too busy Juggling sports, training and work. I really dont have much time for anything else. My strongest areas were physical, emotional, and spiritual.I was not affect with the results of the assessment I knew I wasnt going to score very luxuriously In the social area. In the emotional area I knew I was going to score high because If I did something wrong I wouldnt rank someone else did It, I would own up to what I did and take business for whatever I did wrong. The reason for this Is the much you lie about something the more It will come about back and bite you In the butt harder than comely sa ying something In the beginning. My emotional well-being right owe is pretty good.I accept all opinions even if I dont agree with it. I hark to everyone around me because someone may just want someone to hear to what they have to say and get whatever it is off their shoulders. I however, sometimes have a hard time opening up to large number because if I do they might think the wrong thing. My stress direct is very high right now because of certain twists and turns my life has taken. The study stresses in my life would be family issues and relationships, finances, work and school.These things take a major(ip) part in my stress level. The first two are the major impacts right now. I relieve stress by working out, or working. There isnt really anything to manage my stress right now. In a year or less my stress level will go down hopefully. I am managing my stress level very well from what everyone tells me. Wellness assessment By movement and intellectual. I scored really low in social area because I dont get out much, I keep to myself and I am too busy Juggling sports, school and work.I really dont have much very high in the social area. In the emotional area I knew I was going to score high because if I did something wrong I wouldnt say someone else did it, I would own up to what I did and take responsibility for whatever I did wrong. The reason for this is the more you lie about something the more it will come back and bite you in the butt harder than upright saying something in the beginning. My emotional well-being right everyone around me because someone may Just want someone to listen to what they

Keynes Theory of Income and Employment Essay

The term undefiled economists was firstly used by Karl Marx to describe economic thought of Ricardo and his predecessors including Adam Smith. However, by serious music economists, Keynes meant the followers of David Ricardo including John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshal and Pigou. According to Keynes, the term classical economics refers to the traditional or orthodox principles of economics, which had come to be received, by and large, by the good kn cause economists by then. Being the follower of Marshal, Keynes had himself accepted and taught these classical principles.But he repudiated the doctrine of laissez-faire. The two broad features of classical system of transaction were (a) The assumption of complete employ of labour and some other cultivatable resources, and (b) The flexibleness of prices and remuneration to bring some the full mesh (a) Full employment- According to classical economists, the labour and the other resources atomic number 18 unendingly fully emplo yed. Moreover, the general over- outturn and general unemployment are assumed to be impossible. If in that location is any unemployment in the country, it is assumed to be temporary or abnormal.According to classical hitchs of employment, the unemployment lowlifenot be persisted for a huge time, and there is always a tendency of full employment in the country. (b) Flexibility of prices and wages- The second assumption of full employment theory is the flexibility of prices and wages. It is the flexibility of prices and wages which automatically brings about full employment. If there is general over- take resulting in depression and unemployment, prices would fall as a result of which strike would increase, prices would tog out and productive activity forget be stimulated and unemployment would tend to dis reckon.Similarly, the unemployment could be cured by let downting down wages which would increase the submit for labour and would stimulate activity. Thus, if the prices a nd wages are allowed to move lightenly, unemployment would disappear and full employment level would be persistored. studys honor- 1. judges Law is the foundation of classical economics. Assumption of full employment as a normal condition of a free foodstuff economy is justified by classical economists by a law of nature known as Says Law of markets. 2. It was the theory on the basis of which classical economists thought that general over-production and general unemployment are not possible. . According to the French economist J. B. Say, supply creates its own take on. According to him, it is production which creates market for goods. More of production, more of creating demand for other goods. There can be no problem of over-production. 4. Say denies the possibility of the deficiency of sum centre demand. 5. The conceived Says Law describes an important fact about the work of free-exchange of economy that the main source of demand is the sum of incomes earned by the v arious productive factors from the process of production itself.A new productive process, by paying out income to its employed factors, generates demand at the equal time that it adds to supply. It is thus production which creates market for goods, or supply creates its own demand not only at the same time further alike to an equal extent. 6. According to Say, the essence supply of commodities in the economy would be exactly equal to sum demand. If there is any deficiency in the demand, it would be temporary and it would be ultimately equal to aggregate supply. Therefore, the employment of more resources will always be profitable and will take to the point of full employment. 7.According to Says Law, there will always be a sufficient rate of total spending so as to keep all resources fully employed. most of the income is fagged on consumer goods and a par of it is relieve. 8. The classical economists are of the view that all the savings are spent automatically on investment goods. nest egg and investments are interchangeable words and are equal to each other. 9. Since saving is another form of spending, according to classical theory, all income is spent partly for consumption and partly for investment. 10. If there is any gap mingled with saving and investment, the rate of interest brings about equality between the two. fundamental Assumptions of Says Law- (a) Perfectly competitive market and free exchange economy. (b) Free flow of money incomes. All the savings mustiness be immediately invested and all the income must be immediately spent. (c) Savings are equal to investment and equality must bring about by flexible interest rate. (d) No intervention of government in market operations, i. e. , a laissez faire economy, and there is no government expenditure, taxation and subsidies. (e) Market size is limited by the volume of production and aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. (f) It is a closed economy.The Great Depression was a severe wor ldwide economic depression in the decade forward World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied crossways nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late mid-thirties or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the twenty-first century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far-off the worlds economy can decline. The depression originated in the U. S. , starting line with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide intelligence activity with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929.From there, it quickly spread to almost any country in the world. The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped. Unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high gear as 33%. British economist John Maynard Keynes argue d in world-wide system of vocation Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average.In such a situation, the economy reached residual at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment. Keynes basic idea was truthful to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during multiplication of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and/or cutting taxes.Criticism of Keynes on Classical Theory-The law of J.B Say was finally falsified and laid to rest with the writings of Lord J.M. Keynes. He in his book, General Theory, has severally citicized the Says La on the following grounds. Posibility of defficiency of affective demand-He says that in a compatative market it is not necessory that all income earned is automatically spend on cosumption and investment. A part of Income may be saved and may go to increase individual holdings. There may, thus appear a deficiency in aggregate demand causing overrun and unemployment in the country. Pigous view on wage cuts-Keynes criticized the view that a general cut in real wages in times of depression is a cure for unemployment. Keynes is of the view that a general cut in real wages may reduce the aggrigate demand for goods and commute depression. Saving investment equality-The Says Law assumes that small economic analysis can profitably by by utilize to the economy as a whole. Keynes rejects this view and says that for the explanation of the general theory of income and employment, the macro economic analysis is required. Saving investment equality-Keynes was neer convinced of the classical version that interest elasticity can consider savings ad investment. Accor ding to him, It is the income not the rate of interest which is the equilibrium force between saving and investment. Monopoly element-Says Law assumes perfect competition in the economy. Keynes says It is the imperfect completion which in perpetrate prevails in the product and factor market. Role of Trade unions-In the coeval capitalistic world, The trade unions bargain with the employers for the fixation of wages. The state also fixes lower limit wages in certain industries. Short run economics-Keynes says that, the lenth of long run is not clear in Says law.Keynes Theory Of Income And EmploymentJohn Maynard Keynes wrote his esteemed book General Theory of Employment in 1936. Keynes has strongly criticised the classical theory in his book. His theory of employment is widely accepted by modern economists. Keynesian economics is also known as new economics and economic revolution. description-In short period, level of topic income and so of employment is primed(p) by aggregate de mand and aggregate supply in the country. intensity of employment depends on the level of national income and output. Increase in national income means increase in employmentThe equilibrium of national income occurs where aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. This equilibrium is also called effective demand point.

Poetry and Original Sonnet

praise 69 was written by Pablo Neruda in the 20th century. As I was reading the real praise, I was filled with inner joy and love. The original sonnet brings profound feelings, flashbacks, and makes you and the sonnet feel as if one. However, the translation of sonnet 69 does non. It is rather dull and brings no sense of joy. In sonnet 69, the type of figurative language that is being used is hyperbole which helps make emphasis. In Stanza 2, the root like the red first base of a rosaceous compared to the translation like the red origin of the rose counterpoints incredibly.The word beginning flows more naturally, goes along with rose, and simply sounds collapse. The word choice of origin in the translation does not quite go along with the rose and it does not flow naturally. One major part that incredibly brings feeling is the hold out stanza. The original sonnet wins because of the way it is written. The first two lines end with commas, which builds up mood/feeling. Then i t ends with a period, which tells you it is the end of the whole feeling. In contrast to the original one, the translation version does not even flow.The first line ends with a period, which does not build up feelings. In addition it uses alike many words, which turns into a tongue twister. The original Sonnet and the translation some(prenominal) are different grammatically. The second stanza in the original sonnet ends with a period, while the translation ends with a comma. I think the period was the better choice because the sestets start next, which is something new. Lastly, I think that the original sonnet captures the invention of love rather than the translation.

Romeo and Juliet Open Response

In Romeo and Juliet, the maturity take aim between Romeo and Juliet differs drastically disdain their age difference because of the way Juliet thinks with and through any decision she is going to make and the way Romeo makes inattentive and imperious decisions. First, Gullets higher level of maturity is expressed through the way she thinks through the consequences of any decision before she makes it.For example, when Juliet is talking to herself on the balcony with by knowing Romeo could interpret her, she says, O Romeo, Romeo Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and decline thy After Juliet meets Romeo or the first time and realizes that she really likes him, Juliet thinks through what would come to pass if she actually got into a relationship with Romeo. Juliet realizes that their families being arch rivals is a Brobdingnagian problem and tries to come up with a solution for this which contradicts the way Romeo makes his decisions.Next, Romeos careless and overbeari ng decisions show his level of maturity. For instance, when Juliet tells Romeo that her family will kill him if they find out he is here, Romeo says, Alack, there lies more peril in thin affection/ Than twenty of their swords look thou but Even though Romeo knows its non safe to stay in the Capsules house any longer, he decides he doesnt want to leave Juliet and stays.Romeo does not think through the consequences of this decision and makes an irresponsible decision which differs from how Juliet makes her decisions. The way Romeo and Juliet make their decisions clearly shows that Juliet is more mature than Romeo despite their age difference. Throughout Act II, Romeo and Juliet have different priorities and concerns which shows the difference in their level of maturity, even with the difference in their age.

A beauty

Talking about Charles Newman in the story Charles is a dear title-holder of the author The source views Charles as beautiful Other spate think of Charles is beautiful The dish antenna the generator sees in Charles is not hindered by anything he says or does Charles has soft blonde hair and blue eyes Charles is divorced The thing I desire least about Charlie was his way of carrying on with several women P. 56 Charles has a steady girlfriend at a time Charles has a side girlfriend Although Charles is imperfect the writer expresses slake seeing the beauty in CharlesThe writer rates the Subject in a way to present the flaws of the character however as well the top executive to love him in spite of It. The writer expresses being close to beauty can make one feel more than beautiful and noteworthy themselves regardless of their own inherent qualities Charles was loyal to friends Charles had a way with stack Charles was blessed with good looks, this made things easier for him, and his friends. Charles enjoyed the finer things, such as museums and craft Its not easy to vehemence the Idea that beauty can never really be scrape up deep, that nine beauty is not only(prenominal) unproblematic but also somehow a sign of an internal goodness.P. 57 The writer equates beauty with wholesomeness The writer Is male and married The writer has no need to fear Charles beauty Charles Is slightly flawed but a person who none the less was Beautiful. Charles Is better qualified to check or relate to the people around him because his beauty does more than simply tidy sum people to him, It puts him In situations where he Is able to understand or relate to the people around him because of It ResponseI couldnt understand why the writer chose Charles as the subject I did Identify with dismissing my loved ones flaws I also Identified with dwellings some of the actions of attractive people I liked the accuse about, beautiful people being able to lead and teach I also liked the point about, beautiful people being more comfortable and because of It the are able to network and accomplish new people. I was Interested to find at the middle of the story that the writer was a man.I was also Interested by the what the writer may have touch on hen he spoke of how and who Charles had left his Thales,upon passing away. I liked that my feelings about the subject continued to change as the essay evolved. A beauty By lea_lactate the ability to love him in spite of it. The writer expresses being close to beauty can Its not easy to abandon the idea that beauty can never really be skin deep, that The writer is male and married Charles is slightly flawed but a person who none the less was Beautiful.Charles is does more than simply draw people to him, it puts him in situations where he is able o understand or relate to the people around him because of it I couldnt understand why the writer chose Charles as the subject I did identify with I also set with dismis sing some of the actions of attractive people I liked the about, beautiful people being more comfortable and because of it the are able to network and meet new people.

Analysis and Design of Software Architecture Essay

Outline1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Development Process Requirements t maven of voice Attri andes Run while QA Non-run m QA Requirements psychoanalysis physical exercise architectural abstract & vitamin A heading architectural ViewsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA depth psychology and markOct 19, 20112 / 78Development Processmethodological analysisDierent softwargon using processes have softw atomic number 18 package architecture as a part of the process Rational unied process Spiral developing method Agile knowledge method Evolutionary rapid developmentDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA outline and architectural planOct 19, 20113 / 78Development Process stead of SA in SDPFigure Source Softw ar Architecture f enforcee by Reekie, McAdam Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA epitome and flesh Oct 19, 2011 4 / 78Development Processmethodological analysisAfter the initial requirements analysis but before softw argon contrive The rst architecture is also a communication basis with the customer Inputs fo r the development of the architecture 1 2Requirements Context (technical, organizational, business, )Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA epitome and fleshOct 19, 20115 / 78Requirements abstractAt the beginning there is of all time a customer who wants a specic softw be schema of rules Customer wishes are al vogues informal Interviews, some documents, some Excel tables, We have to give out much(prenominal) informal records and body structure it Requirements applied science is a huge long time but we just illustrate here one possibilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA synopsis and creationOct 19, 20116 / 78Requirements outlineThe results of the requirements analysis1 2 running(a) requirements Non-functional requirements(a) Runtime qualities (b) Non-runtime qualities3contextual requirementsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA abridgment and goalOct 19, 20117 / 78Requirements operable requirementsA technical expression of what a organisation provideing do Arise from stakeholder needfully coordinated language software requirements specication intent cases structured description of substance ab exploiter interactions with the placement Formal theoretical accounts e.g. state-chartsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA outline and jut outOct 19, 20118 / 78RequirementsNon-functional requirementsOther take than directly functional or business- link Generally expressed in the form of quality-attributes Runtime quality attributes Non-runtime quality attributesDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA digest and initiationOct 19, 20119 / 78RequirementsContextual requirementsWhat technology is available? expertise of the development team Previous experience of users/customers Technical, business, market, legal, ethical, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA psychoanalysis and objectOct 19, 201110 / 78Quality AttributesNeed to address QAsWithout all need for accomplishment, scalability, any implementation of functionality is acceptable However, we always need to take into account the broader mise en scene E.g. hardware, technological, organizational, business, The functionality must(prenominal) be there but without proper addressing of QA it is worth zipDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA outline and introductionOct 19, 201111 / 78Quality AttributesInuence on QAsTypically, a mavin cistron flush toilet non address a QA completely Any QA is inuenced by quintuple regions and their interactions E.g. a UI component has a high degree of usability however, usability of the form is compromised if a entropy commission component has poor work in accessing the data users need to detainment long poor usability Components and their interactions software architecture QAs are directly inuenced by software architectureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA compendium and traffic patternOct 19, 201112 / 78Runtime QAPURSPURS ( surgery, usability, reliability, security) surgical process time writ of doing, memory, disk, or web utilization Usability human factors, lucky to lea rn, easy to use, reliability availability, safety, guarantor au thuslytication, data protection, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA abridgment and somaOct 19, 201113 / 78Runtime QA doingTime act is most obvious calculated in the number of operations per foster Also, latency the time from receiving an input and producing an output Other footsteps memory, disk, net profit utilization or throughputDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA abbreviation and somaOct 19, 201114 / 78Runtime QA actDierent measures are typically traded o against to each one separate E.g. increasing throughput may increase latency Time effectance aptitude be increased with more memory True performance of the ashes is non and dened by performance of single components that also by their interactions and the overall processes in the agreementDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA outline and human bodyOct 19, 201115 / 78Runtime QA functioning factorsChoice of algorithms Database design Communication option manageme ntDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA analysis and targetOct 19, 201116 / 78Runtime QAChoice of algorithmsPerformance of algorithms is measured by their complexness (big O) E.g. linear complexity O(n) Running time increases in direct proportion to the size of the data E.g. polynomial complexity O(n2 ) It does not scale double size of the data running time increased by factor of 4 Goal O(nlog (n))Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201117 / 78Runtime QADatabase designPerformance of database queries poop dominate the overall performance The design of the tables has enormous collision on the overall performance Techniques to improve it lazy evaluation, retort, caching Some additional cost to manage replication and/or caching In-memory databases (real-time constitutions) Developing a new database (search engines)Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201118 / 78Runtime QACommunicationNetwork overhead Package data correspond to a protocol, sending da ta over communicate severally socio-economic class means additional overhead Think how to use communicate packaging binary data as XML? Use more compact formats, e.g. JSON vs XMLDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201119 / 78Runtime QAResources managementOverloaded components need to be avoided A chain is only as strong as its weakest association E.g. a single-threaded shared resource is in use all other threads are blocked Very dicult to vestige pigDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201120 / 78Runtime QAUsabilityUsability is a very overflowing eld If usability is es directial you will need a usability expert combination of many factors responsiveness, writtenal design, user expectations, condence Measuring with time taken to complete task, error rate, time to solution, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201121 / 78Runtime QAResponsiveness and data availabilityAn ex adeninele of relations between QAs Usabil ity requires that the scheme responds to user actions within a certain period of time If it is a complex organisation this need translates into performance along the path of the user actionDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201122 / 78Runtime QAResponsiveness and data availabilityFigure Usability vs. Performance Source Software Architecture Primer by Reekie, McAdamDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201123 / 78Runtime QA tidings on relations between QAsThis plat shows that we need to afford attention to adjust communicationbetween B and Y Performance of the communication deal is a consequence of a usability requirement Do we need to stake security of the communication channel?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201124 / 78Runtime QADiscussion on relations between QAsThis diagram shows that we need to pay attention to tuning communication between B and Y Performance of the communication channel is a consequence of a u sability requirement Do we need to get security of the communication channel? We swan QAs always only as a solvent to user necessitate neer because it is postulate anywayDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201124 / 78Runtime QADiscussion on relations between QAsIf we nutrition security even if it is not needed Very practically QAs exerciseopposing forces on the clay pledge requires a lot of checking performance will suer usability will suer A minimalistic approach develop only what is requiredDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201125 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityIn traditional engineering disciplines reliability measures the failure rate of the musical arrangement Failure rate specied by mean time to failure MTTF A related measure mean time between failures MTBF MTTR is mean time to repair A is availabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201126 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityMTBF = MTTF + MTTR A= A=MTTF MTBF MTTF MTT F +MTTRE.g. expected availability of meshing dustsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201127 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityMTBF = MTTF + MTTR A= A=MTTF MTBF MTTF MTTF +MTTRE.g. expected availability of weathervane systems 1 (always up-and-running) = MTTF Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201127 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityincrease reliability involves dischargeing However, impossible to prove that a system is correct, i.e. without bugs acceptability of errors depends on the nature of a system Personal desktop use bugs are typically tolerated Enterprise direct medium reliability level High-reliable systems bugs bay window be fatalDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201128 / 78Runtime QASecurityIncreasingly important aspect of systems is security Because systems are unfastened to threats Especially networked systems As with other QAs security is a set of related responses to user needsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analy sis and DesignOct 19, 201129 / 78Runtime QA credentialsRequirement for identication of users with a system Users present credentials so that the system give the bounce identify them Typically username and password Other forms certicates, smart cards, biometric featuresDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201130 / 78Runtime QAAuthorizationAfter authentication license which functions and what data is available for users This information is captured in an authorization model vex have lists (ACL) dene who house access and how a resource might be accessed E.g. read access, write access, delete access, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201131 / 78Runtime QAAuthorizationDrawbacks of ACLs It is resource based, e.g. a page in a CMS Often, authorization needs to address functions or tasks Also, managing of ACLs is dicult, e.g. subresources of resources Also, performance problems with checkingDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201132 / 78Runtime QAAuthorizationAnother model role-based access control (RBAC) Roles are utilize to manage many-to-many relations between users and permissions Roles are used to represent the job functions, e.g. author, teacher, student in an E-learning system Permissions are copy as parts of roles, e.g. create page, create tests, Users are than assigned to a role and acquire automatically permissions of that roleDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201133 / 78Non-runtime QA metricsMeTRiCS (maintainability, evolvability, testability, reusability, integrability, congurability, scalability) Maintainability how easy burn you x bugs and add new features Evolvability how easy your system copes with limitings Testability how easy can you test the system for correctnessDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201134 / 78Non-runtime QAMeTRiCSReusability how easy is to use software elements in other contexts, e.g. a software library Integrability how easy you can make the separately developed components of the system work correctly together Congurability how easy can a system be congured for dierent installations and target groups Scalability how easy the system copes with a higher performance demandDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201135 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityThis QA considers the whole lifecycle of a system What happens during system operation? Property that allows a system to be modied after(prenominal) deployment wirh ease E.g. extensible, modied demeanour, xing errorsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201136 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityAt the design and implementation level Code comments Object-oriented principles and design rules Consistent programming styles DocumentationDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201137 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityMaintainability is very important because any software system will change over time Experience sh ows that such changes consort to degrade the system over time Software systems are subject area to entropy The cumulative eect of changes degrades the quality of the systemDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201138 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityThe systems tend to become messy systems disregarding of how a nice plan you had at beginning Design for change recollect OO design rules Abstract messy parts of the system so that they can be exchangedDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201139 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainability take int be afraid to refactor and rewrite and redesign Each software vendor does this with major versions Create throw-away prototypes Think out-of-box and innovate Dont always follow a hype very often nothing new in hypes E.g. Web servicesDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201140 / 78Non-runtime QATestabilityMeans to improve testability Test cases if something fails there is a bug Separation of the testing framework and the system, i.e. testing with scripts from outside put downDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201141 / 78Non-runtime QACongurabilityAbility of a system to vary its operational parameters without re-compiling or re-installing E.g. selecting appropriate database drivers, conguring network parameters, Typically, realized by a set of conguration les E.g. Apache Web emcee conguration le sets host name, virtual hosts, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201142 / 78Non-runtime QACongurabilityCongurability interacts with other QAs such as testability, maintainability, reliability High degree of congurability tends to have a negative impact on those QAs Testing of dierent system conguration becomes more dicult reliability compromised Congurable components will be strongly parametrized decreased maintainabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201143 / 78Non-runtime QAScalabilityAbility of a system to in crease its efficiency without re-compiling or re-installing E.g. serving additional Web pages means only copy these Web pages into a Web server le system some time increasing capacity means increasing hardware, e.g. Web server clusters Managing user session on the client side, means only providing additional mandate-on-demand from the serverDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201144 / 78Requirements Analysis representative ashes descriptionWeb-based Network Analysis animate being W-NAT A simple and uncommitted system for network analysis is needed. Networks are entities that contain not only individuals but also their connections with other individuals (see e.g. 3 for an example). The system accepts a network representations as a list of pairs of connected nodes stored in a dataset le. Nodes are represented as integers. An edge between two nodes is stored as a line containing two nodes delimited by a tabulator. Users might upload datasets to the systems and s tore them for further analysis. Each user might upload eight-fold datasets and can execute various analysis on those datasets. The system keeps the track of the analysis write up for each user. Users may calculate degree distributions, network diameter, clustering coecient, connectivity measures, droll values, and dierent centrality measures. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 45 / 78Requirements Analysis moralSystem descriptionWeb-based Network Analysis Tool W-NAT Users can execute various deliberations on triplex datasets in parallel. The system must not be blocked if a weighing is currently down the stairs way. Rather it should be possible to start a new deliberateness, or view previous calculations, and so forth In case of longer calculations the system needs to notify the user by e-mail when the calculation is over. The results of the calculations should be available in textual and in graphical form. every results can be also transfered t o a local computer. The system will be used by a group of students that learn the basics of network analysis. It is expect that at any times the system will be used by multiple users executing multiple calculations. Since the system is earlier an educational tool it needs to be pedagogically sound, i.e. simplicity and usability are very important.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201146 / 78Requirements Analysis fontSystem description6 How to search in a smooth worldPajekFigure 2 HP Labs email communication (light grayness lines) mapped onto the organizational hierarchy of HP Labs constructed out the e-mail communication. Figure loving network(black lines). Note that communication tends to cling to of formal organizational chart. From How to search a social network, Adamic, 2005.with one another. The h-distance, used to navigate the network, is computed as follows individuals have h-distance one to their manager and to everyone they share a manager with. D istances are then recursively assigned, so that each individual has h-distance 2 to their rst neighbors neighbors, and h-distance 3 to their second Denis Helic (KMI, TU neighbors neighbors, etc. SA Analysis and Design Graz)Oct 19, 201147 / 78Requirements Analysis role modelSystem descriptionWeb-based Network Analysis Tool W-NAT The system is a Web-based system and the users should be able to operate the system by using a standard Web browser. The users need not install any additional plugins to operate the system. User perceived performance of the system should be acceptable. In addition, standard Web usability concepts need to be followed. In particular, browser back button must be working(a) at all times and it should be possible to bookmark pages at all times. Finally, standard Web design principles should be satised, meaning that pages are valid (X)HTML pages in at least HTML Transitional. The system needs to support cross browser compatibility. Further, each page and each imp ortant application state needs to have a unique and human-readable URL.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201148 / 78Requirements Analysis moral operable requirementsUR1 The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the hobby measures. UR1.1 UR1.2 UR1.3 UR1.4 UR1.5 Out-degree distribution In-degree distribution Cumulative out-degree distribution Cumulative in-degree distribution vamoose plotDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201149 / 78Requirements Analysis characterFunctional requirementsUR1 The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.6 Clustering coecient UR1.7 statistical distribution of weakly connected components UR1.8 Distribution of strongly connected components UR1.9 Left singular vector UR1.10 Right singular vectorDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201150 / 78Requirements Analysis illustrationFunctional requirementsUR1 The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.12 UR1.12 UR1.13 UR1.14 UR1.15 Network singular values Degree centrality beastliness centrality Betweenness centrality Eigenvector centralityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201151 / 78Requirements Analysis causeFunctional requirementsUR2 Networks are stored in dataset les. UR3 The dataset le has the following format. NodeID1 t NodeID2n UR4 Users can upload multiple datasets to the system. UR5 To perform an analysis users select a dataset and then choose a measure to calculate.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201152 / 78Requirements Analysis pillowcaseFunctional requirementsUR6 For each user and for each dataset the system manages a history of calculations. UR7 Users may initiate multiple calculations simultaneously. UR8 When a calculation is started the system is not blocked. UR9 The system noties users about a nished calculation by e-mail.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201153 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR6 For each user and for each dataset the system manages a history of calculations. UR7 Users may initiate multiple calculations simultaneously. UR8 When a calculation is started the system is not blocked. UR9 The system noties users about a nished calculation by e-mail. When is this notication needed? If the user is logged out?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201153 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as nearly as in a graphic form.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as healthful as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? artistic production format?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? artwork format? UR11 Users can transfer the calculation results.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in agraphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12 Users can register with the system.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysi s ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, howarchived? UR12 Users can register with the system. How register? netmail? Captcha?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12 Users can register with the system. How register? E-mail? Captcha? UR13 Users can login and log out.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and pedagogically sound.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis a nd DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and pedagogically sound. UsabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. PerformanceDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignO ct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 corroboration should be supported.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 certification should be supported. SecurityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 corroboration should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptableDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and UsabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didac tically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? UR5 Web-based system should be available at all times.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? UR5 Web-based system should be available at all times. ReliabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs.Den is Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability,congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system. TestabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system. T estability UR9 twofold users.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system. Testability UR9 Multiple users. ScalabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleContextual requirementsUR1 Web browser. UR2 Valid (X)HTML, at least (X)HTML Transitional. UR3 No browser plugins are allowed.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201157 / 78architectural Analysis & DesignAnalysisWe analyze the requirements and probe to identify so-called refer concepts Understanding of the domain Static part of the domain We also try to identify key process and activities Dynamic part of the domain Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201158 / 78architectural Analysis & DesignDesignDesign is the process of creating models (recollect the denition of SA) Two basic types of architectural models Structure and style architectural structure is a static model of a system (i.e. how the system is divided into components) architectural behavior is a ever-changing model of a system (i.e. how the components interact with each other to perform some useful work)Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201159 / 78architectural Analysis & Designarchitectural structureThe division of a system into components and connectors To represent the model box-and-lines diagrams (to see at a inspect important concepts) It is important to remember that diagrams are only representations of the model Diagrams must always be accompanied by additional somatic such as text, data models, mathematical models, etc. The combination of diagrams and additional secular is an architectural modelDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201160 / 78architectural Analysis & Designarchitectural structureWhat is a component? What is a connector? Components might be subsystems, separate processes, source code packages, Connectors might be network protocols, method invocations, associations, The combination of diagrams and additional material is an architectural modelDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201161 / 78architectural Analysis & Designarchitectural structureFigure Example of an architectural structureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201162 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural structureIn the diagram we have one user-interface and one database component But what is the criteria for deciding what is a component? Separate program modules? Separate threads or processes? abstract or functional division? And what about connectors? Network protocols? Callbacks? Request/respons e cycles? Method invocations?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201163 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural structureWhat is the level of nubbiness of a diagram? E.g. for a Web-based system, components are servers and browsers and connector is HTTP But, components of a server are HTTP parser, le I/O, cache, plug-ins, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201164 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural structureComparison with OO a component is an object and a connector is a message sent between two objects Because models in OO are very well dened on that pointfore, we need additional information that accompanies diagrams To describe criteria for decomposition and provide explanations on granularityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201165 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorComplementing structure is architectural behavior interaction of system elements to perform some us eful work Functionality vs. behavior Functionality is what the system can do and behavior is the activity sequenceDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201166 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorExample Accessing a tweets document Request is sent to the Web presentation layer That layer forwards the request to the application logic, e.g. TweetDeck TweetDeck contacts TweetViews to father a particular template, then retrieves the data from TweetDB wraps it into an HTML response and sends the response to TweetUI Functionality allows me to display a tweets document, behavior is the sequence of activities that makes it happenDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201167 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorEach component has a set of responsibilities Behavior is the way how these responsibilities are exercised to respond to some event An event may be an action of the user or an event from an external syste m A particular behavior is an event plus a response in the form of a sequence of component responsibilitiesDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201168 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorTo represent behavioral models we use use-case map notation by Buhr A use-case map consists of a watch over drawn through a geomorphologic diagram of the system The path of the touch sensation through a structural diagram shows the sequence of activities Each crossing of a component by the trace indicates exercising of a responsibilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201169 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorFigure Types of traces in use-case mapsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201170 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behavior(a) Single trace all responsibilities exercised sequentially (b) Two traces are consecutive Equivalent to single trace but shows that continu ation is triggered by another event (c) And-Fork The traces after the line are potentially concurrent (run in parallel)Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201171 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorFigure Types of traces in use-case mapsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201172 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behavior(a) N-Way And-Fork the trace after the fork may be replicated an arbitrary number of times (b) Or-Fork The trace is split and activity proceeds along one or another path (c) Seq-Fork The traces after the line are followed in the dress indicated by the arrowDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201173 / 78Architectural Analysis & DesignArchitectural behaviorFigure Example of architectural behaviorDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201174 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsWe can examine a system from dierent points of view Dierent kinds o f views conceptual components are set of responsibilities and connectors are ow of information Execution components are execution units (processes) and connectors are messages between processes Implementation components are libraries, source code, les, etc and connectors are protocols, api calls, etc.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201175 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsThere are other models as well We will mention them but we will investigate only previous three models Data model describes the data Physical modeldescribes servers, rewalls, workstations, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201176 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsEach view provides dierent information about the structure of the system Each view addresses a specic set of concerns All views taken together is the primary means of documenting software architectureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201177 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectu ral viewsThe conceptual architecture considers the structure of the system in terms of its domain-level functionality The execution architecture considers the system in terms of its runtime structure The implementation architecture considers the system in terms of its build-time structureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201178 / 78

Discipline and Improve Students Behaviour in Classroom Education Essay

The problem of how outgo to elucidate and improve students deportment in educateroom is of permanent interest. This freshen up is oriented to searching different methodologies concerning students demeanour in give little(prenominal)onsrooms, instructors champaign strategies and behavioral counseling. Different points of view and different examples for assign deportment imbibe been discussed referring to the topic. The sources reviewed gravel different solutions. This paper examines also the classroom environment and its relation to thriving behaviour implementation.The first paragraphs give different definitions conversant with behaviour and trail according to the authors view. The continuation of the literature review is presented by different approaches and strategies concerning a good behavioural focal point. This elaboration sets out some of the arguments and recomm overthrowations which be discussed in more detail. Charles C. M. submits several definition s corresponding to behaviour Behaviour refers to everything that people do. misdeed is behaviour that is not appropriate to the setting or situation in which it occurs.Discipline are strategies, procedures, and structures that teachers use to support a positive encyclopaedism environment. Behaviour management is a science that puts an accent on what teachers create to do to prevent misbehavior (Charles 1). disciples behaviour depends on several factor ins such(prenominal) as traditions, demographic settings, economic resources, family, experiences, and more. Some authors give way made heavy contributions in managing classroom cogitation related the twentieth century.Jacob Kounin (1971), angiotensin-converting enzyme of them, reports that appropriate student behaviour potentiometer be maintained by dint of classroom organization, lesson management, and approach to individual students. Rudolf Dreikurs (1972) on the early(a) hand emphasizes the desire to hold out as a pr imary contract of students in school. He identifies types of misbehaviour and gives ideas almost how to make students feel a part of the class or group (p. 63). William Glasser (1986) shows another view, making a case that the behaviour of mortal else ejectnot be controlled. He reckons that everybody give the sack only control his own behaviour. person anyy I support this idea that we must control ourselves. According to the popular opinion of the other authors, Linda Alberts, Barbara Colorosos, Nelson and Lotts a good field in the classroom can be achieved through Belonging, Cooperation, and Self-Control. A similar idea of classroom management is also presented by Rackel C. F who declares that the teachers, considered it was necessary, to develop students sense of belong to the school (p. 1071) The author supports the opinion of the significance of a good school climate and tells that it might be precondition for facilitating positive youth breeding (Rackel C.F 1071). In or der to attain to a good classroom atmosphere there is a need of growing positive blood between students and teachers, motivation the students participation and clear rules to control classroom field of operations (Rackel C. F 1072). In addition these above-mentioned views can be delimit as a positive outlook as regards to amend the classroom management. Another point of view inside the subject of managing discipline is through active student involvement and through pragmatic Classroom management (Charles, C. M. 2007, p. 7).Discipline through raising student responsibility is also positively oriented approach for classroom management. The three principles that improve behaviour presented in the article Self-assessment of understanding are positivity, choice, and reflection (Charles, C. M. 12). There the author explains the principles meaning. He states that being positive means being a motivator. When students have prospect to share their choices they can present themselves with a good behaviour. Asking students questions that go on them to reflect on their behaviour can help them to change behaviour (Charles 14).Rebecca Giallo and Emma Little (2003, p. 22) from RMIT University Australia give their comments also on classroom behaviour management. They cry that confidence is one of the most important characteristic that influence teachers specialty in classroom management. Giallo and Little (2003, 22) based on the previous assertion of Evans & Tribble accept that less confident teachers seem more threatened to stressful classrooms. They maintain the theory that the classroom stress is a causality for heavy(a) up a teachers career. In school the stress can be overcome through involving of forceful measures concerning managing a good discipline.One of the most popular system for solving behaviour problems is punishment. By reason of the popularity of the subject in the field of education, many experts have written articles and books as well as giv en lectures on discipline and punishment. Anne Catey based on Dreikurs speech communication considers that there is no need of using punishment in class. Based on Cateys words kids need to have a chance they can share their ideas in the class (1). This is the best way to smooth, productive functioning in schools (Charles, C. M, 1999).Anne Catey from Cumberland lavishly School gets an interview from several teachers in Illinois di inexorable about their discipline practices. She accepts the suggestion given by Lawrence as mentioning that, very effective technique is a brief conference, either in the hallway or aft(prenominal) class, with the misbehaving student (Punishment, 1). Anne Catey has her own techniques for classroom management. She disagrees with Lawrence viewing about humour as one of the bad strategies for effective discipline and believes that using of humour can be effective if done without abasing the students (Punishment, 1).In this way she gives each one a slit o f individual attention. When some of her students are a bit distracted on one task, talking to friends instead of renting Catey says, Since I always assume the best of my students, I assume the noise I hear is students reading aloud or discussing their novels. However, its time to read silently now instead of reading aloud (Punishment, 1). This sounds as a good strategy but personally I disclaim this thesis. This doesnt work all the time. I am trying to be strict with my students and according to this the pupils have to observe the rules in my classes.That doesnt mean that I admit the severe punishment but rarely the stern warnings. I agree with the following techniques used by Anne Catey (2001) to modify behaviour including giving zeroes for incomplete, inappropriate, and/or missing work and taking points off at the end of a quarter for lack of participation and/or poor auditory modality. As expected, these methods are effective for some of the pupils but not for the others. cer ebrate to the above-mentioned topic it could be noticed some of the classroom discipline strategies utilized in Australia, China and Israel.On the basis of elaborated look for in these countries some psychologists and school principals (Xing Qui, Shlomo Romi, 2005) conclude that Chinese teachers appear less punitive and aggressive than do those in Israel or Australia. Australian classrooms are presented as having least discussion and recognition and most punishment. In Australia (Lewis, 2005) as concerned to the study the teachers are characterized by two distinct discipline styles. The first of these is called absolute discipline and comprises punishment and aggression (yelling in anger, banter group punishments, tc).The second style, comprising discussion, hints, recognition, involvement and Punishment, is called Relationship based discipline (Lewis 7). Coercive discipline according to the above-mentioned authors means the teachers behaviour is such as shouting all the time, unf airly blaming students, picking on kids, and being rude, to stimulate student resistance and subsequent misbehaviour (Lewis, Ramon 2). The impressiveness of classroom discipline arises not only from students behaviour and learning as outlined above.It depends also on the role of the teacher. Sometimes it is obvious that teachers are not be able to manage students classroom discipline and it can result in stress. So,classroom discipline is a cohesion of teacher stress (Lewis 3). Chan (1998), reports on the stressors of over 400 teachers in Hong Kong, claims that student behaviour management rates as the second most significant factor stressing teachers. In the article Teachers Classroom discipline several strategies have been presented for improving classroom management.They are Punishing (move students seats, detention), Rewarding (rewards, praises), Involvement in decision-making (decides with the class what should happen to students who misbehave), Hinting, Discussion and Aggress ion. Another strategy for improving discipline in class is conducting questionnaires between the students. It is an appropriate approach for defining students opinion about behaviour problems. In each Chinese and Israeli school a random sample of classes at all year levels have been selected.As a research assistant administered questionnaires to these classes their teachers completed their questionnaires (Yakov J. Katz 7). In comparison to all of the mentioned countries the model in China is a little different in that students support use of all strategies except Aggression and Punishment. Based on the conducted research the only strategy to range within a solid ground by more than 2 ranks is Punishment, which ranks as the most common strategy in Australia, and the fourth and fifth most commonly used strategy in Israel and China. The author, Xing Qui generalises that, there is not more Punishment at the level 7-12.Classroom discipline techniques showed that students in China, compa red to those in Australia or Israel, report less usage of Punishment and Aggression and greater use of Discussion and the other positive strategies. At the end of their article Teachers classroom discipline and Student Misbehaviour in Australia, China and Israel (p. 14) the authors recommend that teachers need to work harder to piddle quality relationships with difficult students. What I have drawn from reviewing literature so far is that teachers are able to use different techniques for enhancing classroom management in their profession.After making a thorough survey on the above-mentioned issue I would equivalent calmly to express my position. It is harder for the teacher to keep the student focused on any frontal instruction. Thats why as with all classroom management practices, the teachers should adapt what they like to their classroom, taking into consideration the age, ethnicity, and personality of the class as a group, and of them as teachers. Much of the disruptive behavi our in the classroom can be alleviated before they bend serious discipline problems. Such behaviours can be reduced by the teachers ability to use effective organizational practices.These skills are individual for each teacher. The lecturer should become familiar with school policies concerning acceptable student behaviour and disciplinary procedures. Establishing rules to pass the behaviour of students is also important. Once these standards are set up the teachers have to stick to them. I agree with the authors who prefer involving the positive approach in behaviour management. But I also accept that some situations are more complicated than the others and in this case the teachers must take drastic measures against inappropriate students behaviour.

Glendon’s criticism of current human rights discourse

homosexual rights argon the basic rights that a person is entitled to by virtue of world a gay being regardless of color, race, creed and country of origin. galore(postnominal) countries have been accused of violating valet de chambre rights and it is for that reason that there has been put in place confused watchdogs to oversee and ensure that basic gentleman rights are non violated. bloody shame Ann Gledon is perhaps one of the most influential women in America as far as homo rights are concerned. in any case her high qualifications as a Professor, bloody shame has been vocal and highly captious in the manner in which human rights laws are applied.The following word of honor takes a brief overview of her criticism on the current human rights address . Glendons Rights Talk The Impoverishment of Political Discourse is a discussion in which the author has criticized a immense deal the application of human rights citing massive irregularities and thusly abuse of human rights. Mary has in great depths criticized the courts arguing that by their unlimited authority to interpret the meaning of dissimilar human rights, the result has been that human rights have been individualized making mountain to lose responsibility for others.Besides this there is total detachment from moral standards and as an absolute right (as made to appear by the courts), is above some(prenominal) other considerations . Mary argues that looking at the property law numerous societal concerns are not put in place and thus workers and employees are left uncatered for. Marys general argument as far as human rights are concerned is that there is a lot deviation in implementation of these rights and thus the very target for which they were established is defeated . 2.What is the nature of Perrys response to Glendons, and others, criticism of coeval rights talk? Michael Perry a renowned scholar and a vocal human rights activist has in his book The Idea of Human Rights quad ruplet Inquiries differed with Mary Glendon and has instead attempted to respond to some of the issues raised in Mary book. This he has done by attempting to classify human rights in various categories . Firstly he argues that some rights that are classified under human rights actu each(prenominal)y do not apply to all but and to human beings in particular circumstances.For instance the right to vote wholly applies to those citizens in a particular territory but not to all human beings. Perry disagrees with Mary quite a great deal in many of the issues raised in her book and attempts to give a dissimilar approach to the same issue of human rights . 3. What refinements does Glendon suggest to current human rights discourse? Glendon feels that in order to bright order to the American governing body on human rights a lot of reference must be made to the European countries.She points out that the constitution and even decisions of courts of European countries are good examples of ba lanced human rights. This basically means that the scope would be expanded but only to the extent and limit where they do not interfere without concerns of the society. Conclusion To be able to arrive at the define position we have to look at both authors critically since both have strong arguments but they also have some weaknesses in their arguments. Bibliography Glendon, Mary Ann. Rights Talk The Impoverishment of Political DiscoursePreface (pages xi-xii, addition notes), and Chapter 7 Refining the Rhetoric of Rights, (pages 171-183, plus notes). Henry, J. Steiner. International Human Rights in Context, Oxford University Press US, 2008. Mahony, John. The Challenge of Human Rights, Wiley Black Well, 2007. Perry, Michael J. The Idea of Human Rights Four Inquiries. Chapter 2 (pages 43-56, plus notes) Rights Talk What Does it Mean? And Is It Problematic? Soohoo, Cynthia. Bringing Human Rights. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.

Inflation & The rise of cost Essay

inflation can be defined as the rise of cost of goods and services in a country and thence the cost of living. Inflation can be measured when the cost of a product/service increases everyplace a period of time and hence decreases the value of money in an economy. Inflation is bad for the economy because of many reasons. One of the reasons is because inflation can decrease the value of money over time and on that pointfore decrease the purchasing power for common mess. obscure from that, it tends to create a lot of uncertainty in the economy for producers and buyers.When there is uncertainty in the economy, this leads to a discredit level of investment as people are not confident enough to invest, and as a result this leads to a lower economic growth. Inflation also tends to warn entrepreneurs to expand their businesses or to start a new business because of the full(prenominal) cost of goods and services. This therefore reduces competitiveness in the market which also affect s world-wide trades. When there are fewer businesses expanding or opening up, employment station reduces which increases the level of unemployment rate.When unemployment rates are high, the crime rates increases as people find ways to survive and this affects the safety of the society. On the other hand, a lot of resources are wasted during inflation. For example, during the inflation period, people tend to pull round their money and spend less therefore companies have a lower demand rate and have a high wastage on unprocessed materials that were purchased earlier. High inflation rates also make the economy unsustainable as its not strong. Source from the US Inflation Calculator, 2009.The graph supra shows the inflation rates from the year 2000-2009 in the US. As shown, there was a 3. 8% inflation rate in the year 2008, and has gone take in to 0. 2% in 2009. References US Inflation Calculator (2009) Retrieved on twenty-eighth March 2009. http//www. usinflationcalculator. com/in flation/current-inflation-rates/ Inflation fact sheet (2009) Why is Inflation Bad? Retrieved on 28th March 2009. www. reservebank. co. za/internet/Publication. nsf/LADV/C1E04C14CD41930A42257037003E1C24/$File/Factsheet2. pdf

Law describing and evaluating the roles of the courtroom work group Essay

A woo room work assembly is a term referring to professionals that serve in the court on a daily foundation garment. These professionals include a prosecuting attorney, the twist defence attorney and the judicial officer. The courtroom working group key outks to bugger off arbitrator to all. It ensures that all parties argon accorded due fairness and equal luck regardless of gender, race, age, religious affiliation nor any other f lickor. They in like manner see to it that trials are completed successfully. The concept of court room working group is associated with plea bargaining.The courtroom working group has shown tremendous explanatory source in overburdened courts dealing with huge display case loads. Describing and Evaluating Roles of Courtroom depart Group Professionals that serve in the court, each have a committal to oversee a successful trial completion. Due to this commitment they must each follow a strict code of ethics and also they must adhere to the law and its practice. In most cases however, the outlet of resolve and attorneys is limited hence in that respect is a possibility that a in-person as well as professional relation that may stalk up.However this must not be prioritised by either of the parties tortuous and the pursuit of judge must al personal manners stay put the order of the day. The changes I would recommend are rising of the bar when it comes to security measures. The reason why I suggest this is because sometimes violent criminal wrongdoers may determine advantage of the courtroom environment and cause havoc inside the court. For event in the past there was a reported case whereby an offender grabbed an officers pistol and started shooting randomly in the courtroom. recourse measures should be put in place in order to obtain such bizarre scenarios in the future. The role of the prosecutor is to dissemble the rights of the citizens. This is fictional to be so because a crime is defined as an act or o mission which constitutes an offence punishable by law. Hence, when an offender is presented in court, the charges levelled against him read, Republic or State vs suspect. Therefore the role of the prosecutor is to represent the spates cases against the defendant. With that role comes great responsibility on him, in that the burden of proof automatically lies with him.Also he has to work clayey to ensure that evidence is presented legally, and the state procedures are adhered to in a way that dismissal is avoided. Another role of the prosecutor is that he acts as a consultant and advisor to the police departments. He assists them in the course of investigations and also provides insight into the acquisition of evidence and the procedural element of it. A prosecutor usually concludes which case to pursue based on the fact that whether they imply they fuck prove beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant is guilty of an offense (Herrmann, Joachim, p. 468).They achieve this by first ly studying in a detailed manner the charges levelled against the defendant. Also he must bear witness the corresponding evidence presented which includes any testimonials or witnesses and any other stuff fact that may affect his case. After accomplishing this task he has a more than insightful view of the case and is best able to farm an informed decision. At this juncture he may decide to institutionalize the case or drop the charges and recommend lesser sentences for the defendants who agree to offer guilty to a certain crime a attend that is referred to as plea bargaining (Heumann, 1977).If the criterion for taking a case was more stringent, many cases would be dismissed due to lack of concrete evidence. This is because bulk of the cases brought to the court have circumstantial evidence but with great eyewitness testimony. If the criterion was less stringent on the other hand, the court organisation would be overburdened with cases lacking sufficient evidence and support , hence resulting in less attention beingness accorded to cases that urgently require it.The criminal justice governing body has been defined as resembling a funnel that is, being great at the top and being narrow at the bottom. This is interpreted to slopped that there are more suspects and defendants in the justice system than there are convicted offenders who have successfully passed through the correctional system. The criminal justice system has a number of subprogrames that an offender goes through, beginning with the investigation process and ending with the release of a convicted individual from a correctional facility.As criminals pass through the criminal justice system, quite a number of cases are dismissed due to a regeneration of reasons one being the lack of sufficient evidence. Discretion is another effect brought about by the criminal justice funnel. Many of the cases in the criminal justice system are investigated, tried or dismissed purely on the basis of per sonal choices. These choices are made by persons who use discretion to decide on individual cases. Also police officers may decide whether to turn out investigations on a case or to just go in front and subscribe to an arrest of the suspect, again based on personal choice.Whereas on the other hand, attorneys and judges also interpret information to decide on the bail applications and plea bargains (Hermann Joachim, p. 468). Unreported cases is also another factor rising form this system. A number of crimes go unreported for a variety of reasons and this allows the offenders of such crimes go off Scott free and mingle with other people in the society. This adds to the ever growing number of cases that do not make their way into the early stages and final stages of the criminal justice system.Case accumulate means that the defendants have to wait longer in order to set up a verdict on the case. It means t the defendant has to remain as a suspect for a prolonged period. Some of t he offenders that are held in custody are there because simply the offenses they committed can not be granted bail and other offenders are there because they have been unable to post bail. This backlog also inhibits the justice process by helping offenders get away with their crimes. This is especially evident where case requires immediate analysis of evidence (Daly, 2011).

Phoenix Advertising Essay

It has been brought to my attention late that the Roanoke sort out office has recently experiencing many difficulties. The problem began after two of the top management nation left the agency-an art director and an account executive. In addition, three of the in writing(predicate) designers and four of the copy carry throughrs are threatening to quit because they feel their behave is be rejected. These issues demand immediate attention. Our mission here at Phoenix denote is to bring quality and promised assurance to exclusively of our clients. With that being said we take on to follow through with our mission statement and resolve this issue quickly.The Roanoke branch of Phoenix Advertising has some of our most valuable clients and it is our duty, as an executive group, to gather particular pieces of information to help resolve the conflicts and miscommunications among employees. Therefore, I willing need your help in tactual sensationing that staff at Roanoke in forma t to deal with the dissatisfaction that exists among them, and to confirm that the branch is compensating workers for their overtime.I am requesting Lisa Brown to contact the creative team at the Roanoke branch to investigate the reasons for rejection of creative work by the new-fangled management team. Susan Moore, I need you to review the new clients the branch has recently hired, and determine their capability. Lastly, I need Bryan Willis to develop a method that will post some kind of solution to the staff working overtime. A report explaining what you found out and your new procedures is pass judgment in my office no later than August 2, 2014.After I review each report individually, I will arrange a meeting on August 4, 2014 to review that status of the Roanoke branch. I am sure we can resolve all of the issues and ensure the succeeder of the Roanoke branch, if we all work together on this. Thanks for your cooperation during this stressful time.CopiesExecutive aggroupG regory S. Forest, PresidentAdrienne Landall, Chief ExecutiveCullen Bowman, ChairmanJuliana Huff, President of Human ResourcesSusan Moore, Managing theatre directorBryan Willis, Planning DirectorLisa Brown, Creative DirectorSubject Payroll Statements and Policies estimable Larry,As you know from our meeting on August 4, 2014, in travail to increase revenues, the Roanoke branch is accepting new clients without evaluating the effects of the new accounts on the current project workload. As a result, many of our employees on honorarium are being required to work longer hours without notice or compensation. This has resulted in the staffing issues and employee morale and productivity to decline day by day. It is serious that I communicate effectively and efficiently with the salaried employees and the hourly waged staff to guarantee the success of the company. I need to verify that the managers are development their resources to accommodate the employees during this period of wor k overload. I need you to provide me with payroll department statements from the Roanoke branch for the last 12 months. Larry, I also need you to provide a summary of the agency policies and the branch policies regarding overtime and compensation/ gain ground packages.I need to see you in my office by 6 pm today with all of the reports you have poised. Please understand the primitive importance of this request. Feel free to include Sarah and Christopher to the project. We are a team and each branchs success is vital to the overall success of the entire company.Tomorrow I plan on reviewing the documents you have gathered for me. After I review all the documents, I will write the manager at Roanoke, explaining how to proceed with his staff to solve the issues mentioned. With that being said, I want to briefly meet with you and Juliana in the morning at 9 am in my office. I know this is a stressful time, exactly I am positive this situation will be solved, as long as, we act profes sionally and proficiently.

Childhood Essay

Though more a(prenominal) are of the view that puerility is the happiest time of a persons life I do not think we can derive it is so. Of cause childhood is a very enjoyable phase in a mans life which is free from many responsibilities and challenges of the adulthood. up to now I believe on that point are s constantlyal conditions that need to be satisfied for a happy childhood. First and foremost, a child should lay down loving and caring parents who could provide physical, emotional, social and intellectual needs of their child. How many children have much(prenominal) parents today? at that place are thousands of children elevated by foster homes or orphanages.Most of these children have never experienced the enjoy of their mothers or fathers. In accompaniment many a them even do not know who their parents are. These children are often deprived from many privileges and rights of a normal child. We could also see that the numbers of single parents are ever increasing due to various socio economic reasons. It is a known fact that single parents have to struggle hard to raise their children without the help of their quisling and in most cases they fail to provide necessary requirements of their children, especially with compliance to emotional factors.The security of the child is another important factor that decides whether the childhood is a happy one or not. In my country there was a civil war which spanned for thirty years and fortunately became to an hold back in the last year. The children who were born during these thirty years of war were raised under its dark shadows. In most families, the fathers had to join the army to combat against the terrorists. Many did not return home leaving endless problems for their families.There were frequent bomb blasts directed on civilians by the terrorists and in many instances children were victims. Also the children in the areas under terrorist control were abducted by the terrorists to strengthen their carders. These children were all in all deprived from all their rights as children. They were neither allowed to be with their loved ones nor to pick up school. Instead they were given a gun and trained to fire at the enemy. They were taught to hate not to love. How can we say that the childhood is the happiest time for such children?

Heart of Darkness Good and Evil Essay

Each person on the planet offer be skinny or evil. Its human nature. In nubble of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, the author shows how corruptible people are. Even the claim symbolizes mans capacity for evil. Throughout this novel, the characters show both acceptable and evil. The first character to show these capacities is Marlow, the narrator. He shows his good side when he feels compassion for a chain gang of Africans. A slight sound behind me made me turn my head. Six black men innovational in a file, toiling up the path before I climbed the hill, (81-82).Marlow cant bare the sight of the prisoners. This compassion shows a move back and forth of good in his heart. But Marlow also shows evil. He sees dying Africans on his way to a meeting with the charabanc, and doesnt lift a figure to help. Black shapes crouched They were dying slowly I didnt want any more loitering in the shade and I made haste to the station, (83-84). Marlow on the nose leaves. He doesnt say a word to th e coach-and-four. He doesnt nevertheless try to help them himself. And after that, he doesnt even think about them again.Marlow shows a capacity for good, but the evil permeates him more. The undermentioned character who demonstrates both good and evil traits is the manager. He characterizes some good by getting Marlow the supplies he wants and shoots to get the field day underway. wizard example is when the manager gets rivets so Marlow can fix the steamboat. I slapped him on the back and shouted, We shall have rivets (100). The manager becomes demoralize by his lust for big businessman. He wants to be in control of every aspect of the journey.This craving for power drives him to put Mr. Kurtz into suspicion. The manager truly believes that Kurtz is doing so well with the ivory because he is vying for the manager position. Conceive youthat asshe wants to be manager (104). The manager begins as good, but is corrupted by his power. The last character with an aptitude for good and evil is the amazing Mr. Kurtz himself. Kurtz is a superhero to all of the men in the Congo. He manages to find a seemingly never-ending supply of ivory and finds pay-dirt time after time when he is asked.Kurtz is put on a pedestal so high, that Marlow becomes depressed when a rumor goes around that Kurtz has died. By Jove Its all over. We are too late he (Kurtz) has vanished and my suffer had a startling extravagance of emotion (124). Kurtz is portrayed as a person that every man dreams to be. The reality is not the case. After the expedition down the river, the crew finds that Kurtz has created his own world, where he is God, the savages are his slaves, and he owns everything. Kurtz is corrupted by his own greed. Oh, yes, I heard him.My Intended, my ivory, my station, my river, my everything belonged to him, (126). Kurtz is the epitome of good and evil. He is shown to be the best person in Africa. But the reality is that Kurtz is a sick, twisted human being. He really pre sents the dual-capacity of human beings. In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, characters reveal good and evil aspects to their personalities. Marlow is compassionate but passive. The manager is corrupted by his desire for power. And Kurtz is corrupted by his avarice. People need to take this message from Conrad and always brandish their good sides.

Strategic Marketing Management

Guide melodyal notes for strategical grocery Project Elements 1. Environmental abridgment (SWOT) 2. Identifying clients 3. opponent/ protect inception synopsis 4. merchandise variety The 4 Ps 5. fiscal Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and hear invent 1. get laid Your commercialize place Strengths, Weaknesses, Opport unities, and Threats (SWOT) Trends and changes Market depth psychology Segmentation Prioritizing localize foodstuffs 1. go to sleep who you atomic number 18 sell to ( food market digest, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted nodes (customer analysis) 3.Make convinced(predicate) you ar distinctively several(predicate) from your competition in atomic number 18as of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallotment of imaginations if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. heighten charge of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of deal, monitor and take ). 5. constant quantity monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, inner(a) feedback system) The most fundamental frequency selling design is treating customers corresponding you be truly interested in them.That substance making sure as shooting you are meeting postulate that customers behold as important. Meeting necessarily is the heartland of every selling program. A recyclable beak in measure outing the grocery store is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the seam toilette capitalize on them or avoid them development the souseds strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Con unificationer Trends Customers Just-in-time inventorying Business to business enterprise (B2B) Manufacturing mentality Industrialization of agriculture Consumers Households with fewer people Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern everywhere the health aspect of food, with a disposition for unassailable taste sligh t time for meal prep Know What Is fundamental to Your Customer arse around inside the mind of your customers Find fall out wherefore they would buy from you. . . or why they would not Truly catch their need Intentional earshot Customer analysis Solve their problems 3. foe/ regard as Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively distinct from your competition in areas of importance to your customers Competitive analysis reallotment of resources if necessary Positioning The Value ChainThe Value Chain, or quantify plate, does is sectionalization the functions of a accompany into its activities to provide a personal manner to assess the internal capacities of the business. The treasure strand categorizes the generic evaluate-adding activities of an organization. The primary activities let in incoming logistics, trading operations ( issue), outbound logistics, trade and sales ( hold), and helpings (maintenance). The support activities include administrativ e infrastructure management, human race resource management, technology (R&038D), and procurement. The prices and value drivers are identified for to each one value activity.The value chain modeling promptly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis slit for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix The set of manageable variables that will accomplish the market objectives carrefour outline Place (distribution) schema Promotion (communication) dodging price strategy proceeds dodging Portfolio of products Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc Fits your strengths and weaknesses Provides acceptable risk/return trade moody Meets needs of a fussy customer segment Quality nary(prenominal) 1 versus No. 2 Service Timely custom operations Pre-sorting of element or fund lineament Volume Large and low-pitched quantities Guaranteed volumes (contract) subject McDonalds Product Package Food Fast servic e free rein for the kids Variety Non-smoking lucid product Place/Distribution Strategy lieu Delivery to eightfold points Promotion Strategy Advertising Creating TVC, radio set copy, sign ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and opposite advertisements on the products Creating a logo individual(prenominal) selling Telling your customers how you nominate value Having lunch with the corporate customer/ vendor Public relations existence a good neighbour Being involved in the community Open house eld damage Strategy expenditure is the cost the customer must feature in order to find oneself the product. It includes list set discounts al down(p)ances payment stoppage honorable mention terms price Methods Value-Based Pricing fortune price establish on buyers perception of value (rather than on the sellers be) Cost-Based Pricing summate a standard markup to the cost of the product Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on followin g competitors prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting idea the demand given the determine and promotion strategy. project expenses associated with production and marketing. Determine expect cash flows. pass on strategy cash flow? When? What are the precise assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and comptroller Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants counseling of people supervise and control Good helpingstrategic Marketing Managementstrategic Marketing Management Sample Exam principals Question 1 a. Is the PLC (Product life cycle) concept useful in developing Marketing strategies? light upon why or why not? What are the limitations of the PLC concept? A strategy is a fundamental pattern of present and planned objectives, resource deployments, and interactions of an musical arrangement with markets, competitors and different environmental factors. b. What are t he advantages functional to Google with their Google maps (as a trailblazer firm) in the net profit search engine market?What are the advantages available to any of the confederate firms in the market? c. below what conditions to pioneer and partner strategies each suffer the greatest probability of long-term success? Question 2 a. apologise the term sustainable competitive advantage b. reason five (5) preeminence and five (5) overall cost dieership strategies a firm posterior pursuer to create sustainable competitive advantages c. What are four (4) antithetical types of businesses based on their intended rate of product-market breeding as proposed by Miles and Snow? d.You are the marketing manager for a generic products fragment of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. Your division is a low-cost guardian that maintains its position in the generic drug market by property down its costs and selling generic products to distributors and pharmacies at very low prices. Wh at are the implications of this business strategy for each of the 4Ps in the strategic marketing programme you would develop for your division? Question 3 a. What is market orientation? What are the advantages and drawbacks of being market point for a firm give care Qantas Airways? lambaste 1 Market orientation is implementing a more customer- think come on to marketing. This involves companies that put up what they can sell as un equal to selling what they can make. Market oriented companies nurture a grand product line and base their pricing on perceived benefits provided as opposed to production and distribution costs as Product oriented firms do. Their research is focused on identifying new opportunities and applying new technology to action customer needs as opposed to product improvement and cost cutting solutions like product oriented firms.Such companies design encase for customer public convenience and use it as a promotional tool rather than to besides protect the product or reduce costs involved and they underscore their promotion on product benefits and ability to compensate customer needs or solve problems (as opposed to product features, quality and price). Advantages include b. handle the factors that mediate a marketings strategic role inside an organisation Lecture 1 Competitive factors yarn-dye a firms market orientation Influence of different development stages crossways industries and global markets Strategic Inertia . Outline the major levels of strategy in most large, multi-product organisations Lecture 1 1. Corporate Strategy Decisions about the organisations range and resource deployments across its divisions or businesses 2. Business-level strategy How a business unit competes within its industry 3. Marketing strategy (Functional) efficient allocation and coordination of marketing resources and activities d. List the five components of a well-developed strategy. Lecture 1 1. Scope (breadth of the strategic domain) 2. Goals and Objectives (What is to be accomplished) 3.Resource deployments (Allocation of limited resources) 4. Identification of sustainable competitive advantage (How the organisation will compete) 5. Synergy (Whole greater than the sum of parts) Question 5 apple computers iPods holds a overlooking share of the chop-chop growing global market for digital music players. To maintain its lead as the market continues to grow, what strategic marketing objectives should orchard apple tree focus on and why? Which specific marketing actions would you recommend for accomplishing Apples objectives?Be specific with regard to each of the 4Ps in the firms marketing programme. Question 6. While we have seen that a business may have a number of other strategic options, the schematic wisdom suggests that a declining business should either be divested or harvested for maximal cash flow. Under what kinds of market and competitive conditions do each of these 2 conventional strategies make good sense? What kinds of marketing actions are typically involved in successfully implementing a harvesting strategy?Strategic Marketing ManagementStrategic Marketing Management Sample Exam Questions Question 1 a. Is the PLC (Product life cycle) concept useful in developing Marketing strategies? Describe why or why not? What are the limitations of the PLC concept? A strategy is a fundamental pattern of present and planned objectives, resource deployments, and interactions of an organisation with markets, competitors and other environmental factors. b. What are the advantages available to Google with their Google maps (as a Pioneer firm) in the Internet search engine market?What are the advantages available to any of the follower firms in the market? c. Under what conditions to pioneer and follower strategies each have the greatest probability of long-term success? Question 2 a. Explain the term sustainable competitive advantage b. Discuss five (5) differentiation and five (5) overall co st leadership strategies a firm can pursuer to create sustainable competitive advantages c. What are four (4) different types of businesses based on their intended rate of product-market development as proposed by Miles and Snow? d.You are the marketing manager for a generic products division of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. Your division is a low-cost defender that maintains its position in the generic drug market by holding down its costs and selling generic products to distributors and pharmacies at very low prices. What are the implications of this business strategy for each of the 4Ps in the strategic marketing programme you would develop for your division? Question 3 a. What is market orientation? What are the advantages and drawbacks of being market oriented for a firm like Qantas Airways?Lecture 1 Market orientation is implementing a more customer-focused approach to marketing. This involves companies that make what they can sell as opposed to selling what they can ma ke. Market oriented companies have a broad product line and base their pricing on perceived benefits provided as opposed to production and distribution costs as Product oriented firms do. Their research is focused on identifying new opportunities and applying new technology to satisfy customer needs as opposed to product improvement and cost cutting solutions like product oriented firms.Such companies design packaging for customer convenience and use it as a promotional tool rather than to merely protect the product or reduce costs involved and they emphasise their promotion on product benefits and ability to satisfy customer needs or solve problems (as opposed to product features, quality and price). Advantages include b. Discuss the factors that mediate a marketings strategic role within an organisation Lecture 1 Competitive factors affect a firms market orientation Influence of different development stages across industries and global markets Strategic Inertia . Outline the major levels of strategy in most large, multi-product organisations Lecture 1 1. Corporate Strategy Decisions about the organisations scope and resource deployments across its divisions or businesses 2. Business-level strategy How a business unit competes within its industry 3. Marketing strategy (Functional) Effective allocation and coordination of marketing resources and activities d. List the five components of a well-developed strategy. Lecture 1 1. Scope (breadth of the strategic domain) 2. Goals and Objectives (What is to be accomplished) 3.Resource deployments (Allocation of limited resources) 4. Identification of sustainable competitive advantage (How the organisation will compete) 5. Synergy (Whole greater than the sum of parts) Question 5 Apple computers iPods holds a commanding share of the rapidly growing global market for digital music players. To maintain its lead as the market continues to grow, what strategic marketing objectives should Apple focus on and why? Which speci fic marketing actions would you recommend for accomplishing Apples objectives?Be specific with regard to each of the 4Ps in the firms marketing programme. Question 6. While we have seen that a business may have a number of other strategic options, the conventional wisdom suggests that a declining business should either be divested or harvested for maximum cash flow. Under what kinds of market and competitive conditions do each of these two conventional strategies make good sense? What kinds of marketing actions are typically involved in successfully implementing a harvesting strategy?Strategic Marketing ManagementGuidelines for Strategic Marketing Project Elements 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix The 4 Ps 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Trends and changes Market analysis Segmentation Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3.Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them.That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them o r avoid them using the firms strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers Just-in-time inventory Business to business (B2B) Manufacturing mentality Industrialization of agriculture Consumers Households with fewer people Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer Get inside the mind of your customers Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not Truly understand their needs Intentional listening Customer analysis Solve their problems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers Competitive analysis Reallocation of resources if necessary Positioning The Value ChainThe Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal c apacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The primary activities include inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The support activities include administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&038D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity.The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives Product strategy Place (distribution) strategy Promotion (communication) strategy Pricing strategy Product Strategy Portfolio of Products Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc Fits your strengths and weaknesses Provides acceptable risk/return trade off Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality No. 1 versus No. 2 Service Timely custom operations Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality Volume Large and small quantities Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example McDonalds Product Package Food Fast service Fun for the kids Variety Non-smoking Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy Location Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy Advertising Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products Creating a logo Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor Public Relations Being a good neighbor Being involved in the community Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes list price discounts allowances payment period credit terms Pricing Methods Value-Based Pricing Set price based on buyers per ception of value (rather than on the sellers costs) Cost-Based Pricing Add a standard markup to the cost of the product Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. Determine anticipated cash flows. Will strategy cash flow? When? What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants Management of people Monitoring and control Good luckStrategic Marketing ManagementGuidelines for Strategic Marketing Project Elements 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix The 4 Ps 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace Str engths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Trends and changes Market analysis Segmentation Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3.Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them.That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the m arketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firms strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers Just-in-time inventory Business to business (B2B) Manufacturing mentality Industrialization of agriculture Consumers Households with fewer people Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer Get inside the mind of your customers Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not Truly understand their needs Intentional listening Customer analysis Solve their problems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers Competitive analysis Reallocation of resources if necessary Positioning The Value ChainThe Value Chain, or value plate, d oes is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The primary activities include inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The support activities include administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&038D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity.The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives Product strategy Place (distribution) strategy Promotion (communication) strategy Pricing strategy Product Strategy Portfolio of Products Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc Fits your strengths and weaknesses Provides acceptable risk/return trade off Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality No. 1 versus No. 2 Service Timely custom operations Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality Volume Large and small quantities Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example McDonalds Product Package Food Fast service Fun for the kids Variety Non-smoking Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy Location Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy Advertising Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products Creating a logo Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor Public Relations Being a good neighbor Being involved in the community Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes list price discounts all owances payment period credit terms Pricing Methods Value-Based Pricing Set price based on buyers perception of value (rather than on the sellers costs) Cost-Based Pricing Add a standard markup to the cost of the product Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. Determine anticipated cash flows. Will strategy cash flow? When? What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants Management of people Monitoring and control Good luck