The Holocaust is One of the Worst Events in Human History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1433 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? Germany’s most known and devastating historical event happened between the years 1941-1945, the period of time where the Holocaust occurred. The main perpetrator was Adolf Hitler, but the people of Germany allowed escalation beforehand. The Holocaust was a terrifying experience for anyone who wasn’t a part of Hitler’s â€Å"Aryan† race, but was mainly directed towards Jewish people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holocaust is One of the Worst Events in Human History" essay for you Create order Hitler and his followers attempted to sentence all Jewish people and other non-Aryans to death, killing them on a mass scale (genocide). The mentioning of the Holocaust sends chills to thousands of people in Germany, of Jewish descent, and especially Holocaust survivors. These horrific occurrences caused other countries to realize the potential dangers power can cause. Preventing power from falling into the wrong hands is made a priority so these types of experiences won’t be able to happen again. Germany had multiple steps that led up to genocide. This process is called the Pyramid of Hate. It begins with the prejudice attitudes and acts of prejudice stages which were characterized by scapegoating and stereotypes, which led to the discrimination and violence stages which involved oppression and laws that deprived Jews of certain rights, which finally resulted in the genocide stage whose principal attributes were camps that led to killing a large population of Jews. Prejudice attitudes and acts of prejudice begins with anti-semitic behaviors. Germany was involved in World War I and citizens were promised victory by their government. Although Adolf Hitler was born and raised in Austria, he was accidentally given the opportunity to serve his time in the German army. When Germany faced defeat, the government and Hitler himself, â€Å"blamed the country’s downfall, though some 100,000 German Jews fought for their country during the war,† (Holocaust-Overview). Since the government is the only news source for Germany, German citizens easily believed the credibility for this accusation. There was a vast amount of Jewish people in the army, but the Germans brought what was called the â€Å"stab in the back† theory. The Germans were convinced that they somehow betrayed their own country while serving time in the military. Multiple forms of propaganda was released afterwards, all of them framing the Jewish population as traitors that brought their country to defeat in World War I. A really popular piece of propaganda was Hitler’s book titled â€Å"Mein Kampf†, which translates to â€Å"My Struggle†. The title is self explanatory, Hitler wanted to speak about his supposed hardships living in a country filled with Jewish people. He introduces his idea of a â€Å"pure† race, and calls it the Aryan race. Ideally, people who fit within this racial category would have pale skin, blue eyes, and blond hair. Jewish people did not fit within any of those standards, and Hitler began to stereotype them in his book. He describes that, â€Å"the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her people.† In other words, he claimed that Jewish people are purposefully got involved with pure-blooded Germans specifically to disconnect them from their race. Throughout his writing, he portrayed Jewish people as the enemies i n every situation. He had the intent of gathering as much people on his side so he could gain power, and he succeeded. Mein Kampf became a bestseller and managed to influence many people into believing anti-semitic beliefs. Hitler was able to gather a really big amount of followers that are later referred to as Nazis. Discrimination and violence is where Jews begin to experience more oppressive treatment. By what was called the Nuremberg Laws, Jewish people were deprived of receiving certain education, had limited housing options, and weren’t able to get employed outside of Jewish businesses. Then, they were forced into ghettos. Ghettos were areas that isolated the Jewish community from the non-Jewish people. Living conditions were miserable and they were crowded. There, â€Å"The Germans ordered Jews in the ghettos to wear identifying badges or armbands,† (Ghettos-Discrimination). The badges and armband contained the Star of David, a significant symbol in the Jewish religion. Using this as a way to separate Jews shows how much the Germans objectified them. The Germans looked down on the Jewish people and their religion, and felt superior in every way. Jews were all labeled as if they were property and were put into ghettos to create the feeling that they didn’t belong. German s who were aware that this was morally wrong allowed this to occur due to a psychological circumstance called bystander apathy. It’s been proven that the, â€Å"presence of others creates a diffusion of responsibility,† (Intro to Bystander Apathy). Bystanders in the Holocaust are those who didn’t participate in giving the Jews unjust treatment, but they let it happen without speaking out or offering to assist the victims. There’s a really strong possibility that the witnesses didn’t know how to aid those in need or feared for their own safety. Bystanders don’t feel responsible because they aren’t the ones who’s committing the oppression directly. The Nazis used this to their advantage and it made their goal easier to reach. They relied on bystanders so they would be able to gain more control. In the ghettos, they were constantly living under fear. Jewish leaders and policemen within ghettos had no choice but to work with German authorities. It’s also described that, â€Å"The Germans did not hesitate to kill those Jewish policemen who were perceived to have failed to carry out orders.† Along with living in what wasn’t exactly the most comfortable environment, their lives were constantly on the line. The Germans were willing to kill over simply failing to follow instructions, and terror overwhelmed those who were trapped in this secluded area. The Jews had to carefully think about every move they make so they wouldn’t upset the Germans in any way. It was a hard life to live, but what came next was unbearable. Genocide, also known as the holocaust, resulted in the death of six million people. After the ghettos, Jewish people were imprisoned in concentration camps. Jewish Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel describes his experience in concentration camps in his book â€Å"Night†. When they first arrived, they were sorted out into two groups. In fear, he questioned, â€Å"which road led to prison and which to the crematoria.† The ones who were in good health and relatively young were enslaved doing nothing but hard labor. They spent their time in concentration camps starved, beaten, tortured, and always expected death. Those who became a survivor made it out barely alive. Those who weren’t in the best health and were considered old had to wait in line for a painful death. This already killed a big amount of Jews, and of course, inspections were done once a while to see whose health was failing and who was growing older. They were sentenced to death without hesitation. Later o n, death camps were created. They had gas chambers that â€Å"killed tens of thousands of Jews, primarily forced laborers too weak to work,† (Final Solution- Overview). All these events are the â€Å"Final Solution†. Hitler first wanted to use them for labor work, but his primary goal at the end was to exterminate the entire Jewish population. The Pyramid of Hate was the escalation of events that happened prior to the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler and his followers directly brought the enormous amount of oppression to the Jewish people of Germany. Yet, witnesses who were well aware this was morally wrong let Hitler gain enough power to the point where it was too late to stop him. The prejudice attitudes and acts of prejudice stages seemed harmless. They both involved scapegoating and stereotypes, something that seemed like would pass overtime. Then came the discrimination and violence stages. They were both filled with more serious oppressive treatment. Laws were created, and Jews were held against their will to live in ghettos. Still, everyone thought that this would be the worst form of oppression their government could give them. The citizens let it slide, allowing themselves to rely on some other being to help the Jewish people out. No one called for action. When the last stage of genocide came, it finally became clear what Hitler’s true intentions were. Indifference led to genocide, and Nazis relied on it in order to gain control. The traumatic events that happened in Germany taught other countries to not let power fall into the wrong hands. Anti-semitism still exists today, and allowing escalation is made a prime concern not to let happen again.

The Decision Making Of The Ethical Behavior Model Essay

The purpose of this study, was to create a position paper exploring and creating an ethical dilemma and similarly, to explore and present a decision making model used to work through the dilemma. The study found ways that can assist forensic counselors with this common issue that has prompted numerous legalities filed against them by their evaluees such as, identifying stakeholders and interpreting the situation through awareness and fact finding. Tarvydas’s integrative decision-making of the ethical behavior model can also be essential in solving ethical dilemmas because it incorporates the principle and virtue aspects of decision making approaches. There are four themes or attitudes of the integrative model. Initially, it could be helpful to interpret the situation through awareness and fact finding, consider the facts, responsibilities and rights of all stakeholders involved in the dilemma, formulate ethical decisions, select an action by weighing, competing non moral value s, plan and execute the selected course of action and when in doubt forensic counselors can discuss the dilemma with their supervisors. According to my studies, the client’s rights, informed consent are providing clients with enough information about the counseling process to be able to make informed choices and educate clients about their rights and responsibilities. Confidentiality is essential, but not absolute. One exception is the information is made an issue in a court action.Show MoreRelatedThe Ethical Decision Making Models1576 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Decision-Making Models Decision-making in the field of psychology refers to a cognitive process that results in a selection among multiple possible solutions in a situation (Colman, 2008). Decision-making is based on available information from the environment as well as intrinsic information and existing schemas (Rogerson, Gottlieb, Handelsman, Knapp Younggren, 2011). These internal schemas, along with knowledge and personal preferences, influence the decision-making process. EthicalRead More1.1.Objective Evaluation Of All Available Options. According1626 Words   |  7 Pages(minds of the) leaders of the organization (, the policies they establish and the behavior they model). Leaders have a responsibility for creating trust and cultivating cultural values. 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NPs provide coordinated primaryRead MoreMaking A Business Decision For Any Ceo Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesMaking a business decision for any CEO is easy, the main principle is to keep the shareholders happy by generating more revenue. The more money a company earns the more attractive it looks to the potential investor. Now, from history, we have learned tha t every CEO is not created equal and some use bad business practices to earn more revenue. So, laws were created to set guidelines, companies started to use risk assessment to see if a decision would lead to any legal recourse that would make themRead MoreUnderstanding Ethics Of Social Work1432 Words   |  6 Pagesstructured around the ethical standard set by the National Association of Social Workers. Dilemmas can arise, creating issues that could have a massive effect on clients, families, clinicians, communities, and the organization involved. 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Ethics is important for all individuals who are working in the helping profession, including mental health, rehabilitationRead MoreEthical Dilemma Faced By Co Workers931 Words   |  4 PagesEthical dilemma occurs in various setting which causes harm to the individual, psychologist, and to the practice. Psychologist, therapist, and others in the helping profession need to conduct themselves in a manner: (a) to uphold integrity and honest of the profession; (b) protect the welfare of the client; and (c) making sound decisions which justify ones actions base upon the profession. Forensic psychologist based their ethical decision upon the principles based upon ones actions. Ther e areRead MoreEssay about The Context of Decision Making at Whole Foods Market1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Context of Decision Making at Whole Foods Market Case 1 Wayne Davis Question 1: How would you describe the merchandising and operational decisions made by Whole Foods Market in terms of the rational, bounded rationality, and garbage can models of decision making? According to Nelson Quick (2006), â€Å"The success of any organization depends on managers’ abilities to make effective. An effective decision is timely, is acceptable to the individuals affected by it, and meets the desired objective†Read MoreA Comparison Assessment Of Leadership Competencies1396 Words   |  6 Pagesand behaviors that assist in successfully executing an organization’s strategic vision. Priority quality competencies involve decision making, leadership and staff training, and cultural competence with ethical behavior. There are many decision-making processes employed in healthcare management and practice today. Decisions regarding sensitive cultural and ethical dilemmas require responsible leadership that can apply sound judgement with adherence to professional and organizational ethical standardsRead MorePersonal Model of Ethical Leadership1303 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Model of Ethical Leadership Personal Model of Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is an important aspect that should be practiced by all individuals in leadership positions despite of whether the leadership is intentional or unintentional, or formal or informal. However, practicing ethical leadership is difficult in some cases, especially when there are tough decisions to be made while the appropriate choice is unpleasant though its clear. Notably, ethical leadership is quite important

The Significance of the Townspeople and Emilys Father in...

A necrophiliac is described as a person who has an obsessive fascination with death and corpses (Mifflin 1). Emily, a necrophiliac in the story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† is a deranged, lost, and confused woman. A story filled with many symbols that help the stories meaning. The only man Emily knew growing up was her father. He taught her to trust no man, and no man would ever be good for her. He was highly favored through the town and everyone looked to him. The small town of curious and nosey people makes the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† The town’s people are curious to know Emily’s every step, or wondering what she is going to do next, her appearance, and where the horrible smell in her house comes from. She meets a man in this small town and†¦show more content†¦She stays in her home and never comes out. The town is filled with hear say gossip and the townspeople only know what they hear about her. Nothing is understood until the sickening truth is found out about her. It is all just one big mystery to them until her bedroom is unlocked. Faulkner also talks about the stench of Emily’s home. Our attention is drawn to her home when it is used to symbolize Emily and how she is growing old over the years. Emily’s home also has a great deal to do with the story because the home seems to be the townspeople’s vocal point. Everyone wants know where the horrific smell is coming from and what is in the closed out room that not a soul has gone into. The smell, the foul order reaches out past her home and the smell seeps out under the floor of her home. The town’s begins to complain about the smell emanating from the house. Faulkner’s says, â€Å"Like Miss Emily it stands â€Å"lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay† alone amidst alien surroundings. When the town complains about the smell emanating from the house, the judge equates house and woman: â€Å"Will you accuse a lady to her face of smelling bad?† Miss Emily becomes a fallen woman where she lived in a house that had à ¢â‚¬Å"once been white†¦ set on what had once been our most select street†¦lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and gasoline pumps an eyesore among eyesores.† The house, like Miss Emily, has fallen from purity and like Miss Emily it is an eyesore, forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Short Story A Rose for Emily Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe reason I chose to analyze â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner is because I am a lover of suspense and terror. The story totally caught my attention because the general tone is one of violence, gloom, and terror. The setting also plays an important role because it gives the reader a better understanding of the different situations. The main character, Emily, plays the role of a tragic figure that seems to be seen only from the outside. Sometimes people judge others from the outside, but theyRead MoreSymbolism in A Rose for Emily Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesthe symbols and their s ignificance to the story. While reading a story, symbols may not become clear until the very end, once the climax is over, and the falling action is covered. In William Faulkner’s, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† there are multiple examples of symbolism that occur throughout the story. Symbolism that â€Å"A Rose for Emily† displays is Miss Emily’s taxes that represent death. First is the death of her father. The taxes are a symbol of the financial remission her father experiences, but keepsRead MoreWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily1600 Words   |  7 Pages William Faulkners A Rose for Emily  is set in the small southern town of Jefferson during the early decades of the twentieth century . At this time, vast and cardinal changes were being made by the upcoming new south to conceal and move from the horrid truths that were a part of the towns history. In lieu of this, Jefferson was at a turning point in which they were having difficulty coming to terms with these changes . Integrating Faulkners use of character and symbols with other sourcesRead More Importance of Human Interaction in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1372 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Human Interaction in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Are human beings responsible for the well being of others that they come into contact with? William Faulkners story A Rose for Emily considers the significance that human interaction has or does not have on peoples lives. Faulkner creatively uses a shocking ending to cause readers to reevaluate their own interactions with others in their lives. Throughout the story, Faulkner uses characters that may relate to the readersRead MorePlot Analysis of a Rose for Emily1257 Words   |  6 PagesPlot Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily, A Silent Shell† â€Å"In this world, nothing is certain but death and taxes.† This quote by Benjamin Franklin is a mirror to Emily’s story as it begins with her death and then the reader is abruptly brought into the tax remission she received after the death of her father. This interesting yet confusing vignette is about a girl named Emily Grierson and her inconsiderate relation with the town, a man she loved, Homer Baron, and her Father. For Readers of FaulknerRead MoreA Rose for Emily Analysis Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pageshave a deep view into Miss Emily’s feelings. From this point of view, we see things as how they would appear to a townsperson or viewer. 2) What does the title of the story suggest about the townspeople’s feelings toward Miss Emily? Why do they feel this way about her? (Or: What does she represent to them?) Is there anything ironic about their feelings? The title of the story suggests that the townspeople have some sort of caring feeling towards her, since a rose is usually a symbol of careRead MoreEmilys Rose Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesEmilys Rose Emily lives in the small town of Jefferson. Jefferson is a town where her family has lived for generations, and where her family is known to have â€Å"held themselves a little to high for what they were;† so they were treated as such. Emily is kept home by her father and almost hidden from the entire town; the gentlemen callers who dared come calling for Miss Emily’s hand were only â€Å"vanquished† by her father. They were not of â€Å"social standing† to be permitted her time and company.Read MoreAn Analysis of William Faulkner’s â€Å"a Rose for Emily†1428 Words   |  6 Pagesof William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† When a person has only been taught dysfunctional love, it is all too often that this is the only kind of love they will ever experience. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner explores an unorthodox relationship between an aristocratic southern lady named Miss Emily Grierson, and a blue-collar northern fellow named Homer Barron. The narrator, who likely represents the townspeople, describes Miss Emily’s unusual father in detail. Because of thisRead MoreExamples Of Foreshadowing In A Rose For Emily1417 Words   |  6 Pagesforced into by her overprotective father, Miss Emily Grierson in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† struggles to cope with a changing environment after his death. Her mental deterioration even culminates into the murder of her significant other Homer Barron to keep him from leaving her as well. In his story, William Faulkner foreshadows Miss Emily’s mental instability from the very beginning with specific hints. Some of those tactics are portrayed in the description of Miss Emily’s family history, the words and actionsRead More Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay2369 Words   |  10 PagesFaulkners short story is the relationship between the past and present in Emily Grierson, the protagonist. She did not accept the passage of time throughout all her life, keeping everything she loved in the past with her. The story shows Emilys past and her family story. This information explains her behaviour towards time. Firstly, her fathers lack of desire to move on into the future and his old-fashioned ways kept Emily away from the changing society and away from any kind of social relationship:

Richard Frankland s Digger J. Jones - 1650 Words

Richard Frankland’s Digger J. Jones (2007) is a novel which bridges the gap between children’s literature and literature for young adults. Frankland’s novel makes mention of the challenges faced by Indigenous Australians specifically during the 1967 Referendum and to a lesser extent, the Vietnam War. The passage, situated in the first few pages of the novel, immediately after the implied readers discover the origin of the name Digger, but prior to the first mention of Aboriginal people not being considered â€Å"proper citizens† (Frankland, 2007, pp 12) In the passage, Digger’s family learn of oldest son and big brother, Paul’s death. Through a close reading of the passage, this essay will explore the narrative and language features and how†¦show more content†¦This is first made evident in the title of the journal entry from Tuesday, February 7th: â€Å"The army comes to my house†. The use of first person narration allows for the implied readers to be positioned to relate to Digger and aspects of his life, to understand when he is sad and sympathise with him and to agree that the idea that â€Å"Paulie and Pop and the uncles and Mum couldn’t [be counted as Australian citizens] ‘cause they are black.† (Frankland, 2007, pp12) was both senseless and unreasonable. Digger’s diary entries are written in a ‘gentle’ manner, however ‘the background against which [the story] unfolds is deadly serious’ (Scholastic Press, 2007, pp2). The novel adopts a candid, childlike tone which is emphasised through Digger’s poor grammar, naivety and the lack of emotion or emotive language throughout the text, especially in the set passage. Other than the brief mention ‘I wonder if you can see the tears on the page’ (Frankland, 2007, pp7), Digger shows very little emotion. This suggests that Digger doesn’t fully understand the severity of or implicat ions of his brother’s death. The use of the child-like tone works to position the implied readers to see Digger as a reliable and trustworthy character and narrator which provides the entire novel with a degree of credibility. The protagonist’s child mind and simplistic understanding of his world highlight the complex nature of the 1967 Referendum and the Vietnam War. For Digger, both historic eventsShow MoreRelatedAssessment 2: Digger J. Jones Close Reading. Jackie Miller-1553 Words   |  7 Pages2: Digger J. Jones Close reading Jackie Miller- MillerJA Digger J. Jones written by Richard J. Frankland (2007) is a historical fiction text written by a 11 year old character in a Diary s form .Set in 1967 during the Vietnam war is about the protagonist Digger J. Jones (D.J.J) and his experiences as an Australian aboriginal child during the time of the Vietnam war as well as during the national referendum. The select passage on pages 7-9 contains a letter from the main protagonist Digger to his

Steps to Survival Essay - 1226 Words

The Day in Pat Frank’s Alas, Babylon is that one terrifying, unanticipated, and shocking day when bombs drop on many large and important cities in the United States. This day puts many people into situations that they are not used to. They must adapt to the world rather than try to live their regular live which is now nonexistent. If one is sick, good luck getting medication; scared, good luck finding food when the supply runs out. The mentally and physically strong survive and the weak die, that is the rule of life. Randy Bragg was forced into a leading position because he knew that a leader is needed if his family wanted to survive. He is forced to put his selfishness aside for the survival of him and his family and was willing to do†¦show more content†¦It is not only about going out and getting it but also about getting it fast. That is why in Pat Frank’s Alas, Babylon the group of survivors put together their gasoline and only drove the most fuel efficient car. Ideas like this could help one survive until the nuclear war ends or until there is no need to travel anymore. The only other physical preparation varies from a number of things that are essential and sometimes overlooked by many. The most important steps to survival are those that are instinct and essential. When the bombs are dropped there is not much time depending on how far away the bomb is to prepare. Some basic things that most people do not think of like are â€Å"opening windows and doors downstairs and filling up pails and bath tubs with water† (Frank 97). Any water after the bombs would become radiated. This means once one run out of water in the pails and tubs, one will need to find a way to make the radiated water drinkable, or find an alternate source of water. In Pat Frank’s Alas, Babylon, this alternate source was the â€Å"artesian water† which â€Å"smelled like rotten eggs† but was better than no water at all (Frank 151). Anot her alternate source of water is wells and water tanks, no contaminated water or particles have a chance to get into the water so it is safe to drink (Kearny 71). Water is an essential item that many people take for granted in normal life. ManyShow MoreRelatedInstinctive Survival. â€Å"...WeLl Go Step By Step And Cut1204 Words   |  5 PagesInstinctive Survival â€Å"...We ll go step by step and cut off every bulkhead and every vent until we have it cornered. And then we ll blow it the fuck out into space! Is that acceptable to you?† (Scott; Alien, 1979) Alien (Ridley Scott) was and still is very revolutionary for its time, which really puts it ahead of other films in 1979 because of its smart cinematography, claustrophobic atmosphere, witty characters, and the ambiguous use of switching the gender norms around. The men and women switchRead MoreDr. Trumans Step Change Model : An Organizations Survival And Prosperity1238 Words   |  5 Pagesskillful leaders seize the opportunity to change things for the better† (as cited in Davis, 2012, para. 1). Change management is critical to an organization’s survival and prosperity. Organizations that are resistant to change will fail to meet the needs of their targeted markets and lose their competitive advantage. By utilizing Kotter Cohen’s 8-step change model, change leaders can successfully implement a change initiative into their workplace culture. In an interview, Chief of Staff for SouthernRead MoreA Long Walk To Water Character Analysis982 Words   |  4 Pagesmade survival possible for Salva in â€Å"A Long Walk to Water† Salva the main character of â€Å"A Long Walk to Water† by Linda Sue Park was an 11-year old boy when his village was attacked. His teacher urged him to run away from the village and to run to the â€Å"bush.† After that attack, his life made a turn for the worse. With no family around him, he was completely lost. During his journey, he had some problems, but overcame them with some survival factors. The three most vital survival factorsRead MoreA Long Walk To Water Analysis1202 Words   |  5 PagesLife takes a strong toil when war strikes. People start to lose hope in survival and start believing in the wrong source of power. Revenge and world domination. It takes one to realize what truly matters, and that is life. But there are factors to lead to one’s survival and hope for a better path. In the novel that Linda Sue Park had written; a Long Walk To Water. Tells a story of compassion, bravery, and a little bit of luck, during one of the worst time s in Southern Sudan. Told from a perspectiveRead MoreA Zombie Apocalypse : Developing A Sensible Schedule, Socializing And Taking The Initiative867 Words   |  4 PagesIn a zombie apocalypse a person needs survival skills to stay alive. There is even a book called â€Å"How to Survive a Zombie Apocalypse.† This book tells the readers the skills they need for the disaster such as short hair, tight clothes, aim for the zombie head and blades. The same can be said for college. A person needs survival skills to become successful throughout college. The situation might not be as scary as a zombie apocalypse which is life threatening, but it can be just as serious. StudentsRead MoreThe Controversy of Genetic Cloning873 Words   |  3 Pagespeople should not go forward with this step since genetic cloning, consequently human cloning, does not respect nature nor does it ensure diversity and survival in natural ecosystems. In addition, genetic cloning is a cruel, harsh, and an un safe experiment. 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He assumes that the natural inclination to live is prevalent in every human being, even among immense suffering and terminal diagnosis. Ultimately, these statements fail to support why survival is the only, or at least most important, natural goal. In an attempt to highlight the imperfections and resulting invalidity of Gay-Williams’ argument from nature, I will first give a more in-depth explanation of said argument, then propose my worriesRead MoreVirulence Factors Of Cryptoccus Neoformans1020 Words   |  5 Pagespathway essential for growth and virulence. We have also obtained evidence linking Cin1 to extracellular RNA through RNA-Seq and to CNS survival t hrough co-infection of a mouse model of cryptococcosis. However, how Cin1 governs the transport network affecting trafficking of virulence factors or exRNA as cell communicator, and whether the role in host CNS survival represents a novel virulence mechanism remain unknown. We discovered the multi-domain Cin1 protein through interaction cloning and foundRead MoreThe College Survival Guide Project928 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of the College Survival Guide Project is to create your very own personalized book that will guide you throughout your four years at IU East. The College Survival Guide Project will be graded on the on completeness, professionalism, originality, presentation and on-time submission. Each student will work individually and collectively to complete this project. Students will be responsible for a interviewing various IU East faculty and/or staff person. Over the next few weeks we will

Theory Of Planned Behaviour Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Theory Of Planned Behaviour Essay, Research Paper The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Nurses Attitudes towards Older Patients Edmund Fitzgerald O Connor 9724709 Abstraction The Theory of Planned Behaviour was tested in a survey for its ability to foretell purpose to act in specific ways towards older patients. There were 172 topics from 3 Scots universities, Napier, Edinburgh and Abertay Dundee. The consequences gained from a questionnaire suggest that the Theory of Planned behavior can be used to foretell behavioral purposes of nurses when working with older patients. Nurses purpose to act was predicted by their attitudes largely, perceived behavioral control besides carried a important beta weight although societal norms were found to be non important. The underlying beliefs of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral controls were besides investigated in footings of anticipation value theoretical accounts. Nurses with positive attitudes towards older patients were found to keep patient orientated values, and occupation satisfaction, more of import than other relevant values. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Of Planned Behaviour Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nurses are besides more motivated to follow with senior staff that may portion their positive attitudes besides. One effect of the present findings is that greater degrees of support by senior staff and ways of increasing occupation satisfaction will better the degrees of attention and intervention for older patients. Introduction Last twelvemonth, for the first clip of all time, the developed states of the universe had more people aged 60 and over than young persons aged 14 and under. For the universe as a whole, the same will be true by the twelvemonth 2043. The per centum proportion of older people in Western Europe is predicted to increase by 14.8 % , 8.8 in Japan and 2.7 % in the U.S. ( U.S Census agency ) . Two major forces drive the displacement in age distribution. First, birth rates are worsening in most parts of the universe, but particularly in the industrialised states. and 2nd, life anticipation is increasing about everyplace. The U.K is a premier illustration of this phenomenon. In 1999 16 % of the population was 65 and over ( DOH 1999 ) . With the coming of new medical specialty and intervention for more and more unwellnesss and diseases the tendency will increase. The deductions of a human population that is both turning and aging are legion and worrying. Progresss in medical scientific discipline, nutrition and fittingness, and even bioengineering point to the twenty-four hours when many human existences will hold the option of life well past the age of 100 ( CSIS planetary enterprise 99 ) . The aged have been for a long clip the greatest users of health care ( Lefebre et al. 1979 ) . It can be inferred that this demand will go on to lift as the aged population does. About ha lf of the NHS outgo in 1999 was spent on the attention of the over 65 this equates to 5.21 billion lbs ( DOH 1999 ) . From hospital beds to prescriptions the aged were responsible for the greater portion of the cost. In the front line of health care are nurses, who play a primary function in supplying support and proviso The perceptual experience and attitudes of these primary health professionals will greatly impact the response to the turning job. It has antecedently been suggested that these caring services will be stretched to interrupting point in future ( Martin et al. 1988 ; Redfern, 1991 ) . Past research on attitudes of nurses towards the aged has looked at the many different aspects of primary nursing attention of the aged. At one terminal of the spectrum Robb ( 1967 ) highlighted illustrations of inhuman treatment and maltreatment within the attention of the aged. Similarly in the USA Stannard ( 1973 ) showed that institutionalised inhuman treatment existed on both sides of the Atlantic. Both documents are non con but one merely needs to look in the recent imperativeness to see illustrations of systematic maltreatment and negative attitudes. Harold Shipman was convicted of slaying 15 aged patients in his attention, likewise a nurse was convicted of the slaying of 3 aged patients. Examples such as these, taken with grounds of an increasing aged population, show that the demand to understand the mutual opposition of attention workers attitudes is pressing The inquiry of which are the right attitudes towards the aged has been a treatment point in the yesteryear. This thought and the survey of current attitudes of attention workers and how they have been formed has been the get downing point of the bulk of work within this field. Looking foremost at the thought of the right attitude Irvine ( 1970 ) suggested that the right attitude towards the aged should be constructed from credence, regard, understanding, and the ability to promote. But the cardinal concept of the right attitude has been brought into inquiry by many. Ingham and Fielding inquiry whether there is a individual right attitude proposing that this is dependent on establishments purposes and the perceptual experience of older people as persons. Institutions are more concerned with smooth running than the demands of single patients. However this philosophical attack is of small aid when turn toing the job and in surveies which show pigeonholing and malcontent in working with the aged, treatment on the rightness of right attitudes has proved of small usage. Care of the aged has for some clip been an unpopular field within health care ( Ray et al. , 1987 ; Solomon A ; Vickers, 1979 ; Mutschler, 1971 ) . Past research highlighted the reluctance to work with older patients in infirmaries and nursing places ( Campbell, 1971 ; Gillis, 1973 ; Gunter,1971 ) Why should this be the instance even when the aged are recognised as the group most in demand, in society ( Hardie, 1975 ) ? Psychologists have looked towards pigeonholing and agism for possible replies. Ageism, a term foremost coined by Butler ( 1969 ) , is a procedure of systematic stereotyping of, and favoritism against people because they are old ( Butler A ; Lewis 1975 p117 ) . Ageism and stereotyping has been developed as a possible ground for the negative perceptual experience and behavior to the aged. Not all research has found comparable consequences. Schoenfeild ( 1982 ) and Treharne ( 1990 ) suggested that in fact there is no grounds to propose negative attitudes towards the ag ed exists. However the bulk of research has shown negative stereotyping of the aged ( Levin, 1988 ; Ray et al. , 1987 ) . It has been argued that attitudes held by professional workers such as nurses can straight find the quality of attention given to old people ( Wells, 1980 ; Fielding,1986 ; Armstrong-Esther et al. , 1989 ) . The majority of research on nurses attitudes towards the aged has focused on the degree of preparation and experiences of respondents and how these impacted on their attitudes. A short period of preparation or intercession has resulted in additions in positive attitudes towards the aged ( Gunter, 1971 ; Robb, 1979 ; Tobiason et al. , 1979 ) , the bulk of this work concentrating on nurses. Snape ( 1986 ) nevertheless found contrary grounds. Student nurses who had been developing for 2-3 old ages held more negative attitudes than late enrolled nurses. Snape suggested that this was due to the absence from instruction, of excess straight specific stuff to make with the aged. Other variables such as features of the nurses and patients have been studied including age race, sex, and grade of attention needed. On the topic of grade of attention surveies have shown that the greater the dependence of a patient the greater the negative attitudes shown by the nurse ( Fielding, 1979 ) . The bette rments mentioned above ( Gunter, 1971 ; Robb, 1979 ; Tobiason et al. , 1979 ) have largely come from a positive get downing degree. Some research has shown negative attitudes but the bulk has shown impersonal to positive attitudes ( Slevin, 1991 ) . One must first expression at the methodological cogency when approached with this contradiction. One reply to this job is that throughout the different surveies there have been broad scopes of methodological analysiss, which can propose hard in pulling direct comparing. The bulk of the old surveies have looked at attitudes of nurses and inferred the degree of attention associated. ( Wells, 1980 ; Fielding, 1986 ; Armstrong-Esther et al. , 1989 ) Other surveies have tried to interpret those attitudes into an purpose to act. Study of existent behavior is debatable in certain contexts, and few have attempted this convincingly. Put together, the past research offers a baffled mosaic non rather covering every aspect of a complex inquiry. Previous research has non attempted to divide out and explicate purpose to act from attitudes and seems to lose out wholly other act uponing factors. Past research shows that attitudes although cardinal, are non the lone prognostic factor in explicating behavior ( Wicker, 1969 ; Kraus, 1995 ) . In the present survey an probe into nurses attitudes towards the aged will concentrate on the theory of sound action as a model to foretell an purpose to behaviour and hence the ground for that behavior. Attitudes The # 8220 ; attitude # 8221 ; concept received its first serious attending from Darwin in 1872. Darwin defined attitude as a motor construct, or the physical look of an emotion. For early psychologists, # 8220 ; attitude # 8221 ; was an emotion or thought with a motoric ( behavioral ) constituent. In some instances, the motoric constituent was sub-vocal address ; in other instances, gross behavior, such as postural alteration, was of involvement. Get downing in the 1930 # 8217 ; s, psychologists began to reason actively about what constituents should consist the attitude construct. Although there was understanding that all attitudes contain an appraising constituent, theoreticians disagreed about whether beliefs ( knowledges ) and behaviours should be included as portion of the attitude construct. The prevalent position among cognitive societal psychologists was that # 8220 ; attitude # 8221 ; has both affectional and belief constituents and that attitudes and behavior should be consistent ; i.e. , people with positive attitudes should act positively toward the attitude object. LaPierre s seminal experiment ( 1934 ) affecting a Chinese twosome in the USA started a immense involvement in behaviour anticipation. There is great trouble in straight researching behavior for matter-of-fact grounds. To procure a dependable step of a given behavior by one would hold to utilize observation ; the research worker would hold to enter the behavior on a figure of perennial occasions. Perceivers would hold to be positioned at all locations where participants might prosecute in the given behavior and record it often. Although non ever of assured cogency, self-reports are clearly more easy obtained. So attitude research frequently focuses on people s attitudes and purpose to act in a certain manner, presuming that they are a placeholder to behaviour. Attitudes are considered to be one of the most indispensable constructs in societal psychological science ( Allport, 1935 ) . Allport theorised that the attitude-behaviour relationship was non uni-dimensional as antecedently th ought ( Thurstone, 1929 ) , but multi-dimensional. Attitudes were viewed as complex systems made up of the individual s beliefs about the object, his feelings toward the object, and his action inclinations with regard to the object. Attitudes are one of the cardinal constructs in the theory of planned behavior. Attitude towards a behavior is the sum to which the public presentation of the behavior is positively or negatively valued. Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975, 1980 ) carried out some of the most influential research within this country of societal psychological science. Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975, 1980 ) assumed that persons are normally rather rational and do systematic usage of information available to them. Peoples consider the deductions of their actions before they decide to prosecute or non prosecute in a given behavior. They besides pointed out that to mensurate the consequence of attitudes one must be specific. La Pierre for case was inquiring eating house proprietors a genera l attitude towards Chinese people instead than attitudes towards a well dress couple accompanied by a smart westerner. They argued that attitudes must be specific to certain behavior to hold prognostic consequence. Figure. 1 The Theory of Planned Behaviour Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975, 1980 ) assumed that persons are normally rather rational and do systematic usage of information available to them. Peoples consider the deductions of their actions before they decide to prosecute or non prosecute in a given behavior # 8221 ; ( Ajzen A ; Fishbein, 1980 p.167 ) . After reexamining all the surveies they developed a theory that could foretell and understand behaviour an vitamin D attitudes. Their model, which has become known as the Theory of Planned Behaviour ( TPB ) ( see figure 1 ) , looks at behavioral purposes instead than attitudes as the chief forecasters of behaviors. Theses theories effort to deconstruct the mensurable variables, which combine to impact a individual s behavior. From the diagram above you can see the assorted constituents of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Behavioural beliefs and ratings, normative beliefs and ratings, control beliefs and motive to follow, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls, and in conclusion purpose to act. Each will be explored in greater item and their interrelatednesss within the theoretical account. Most societal psychologists would hold that attitude formation involves cognitive or information processing. This thought is theorised in Fishbein A ; Ajzen s anticipation value theoretical account ( 1975 ) . This theoretical account suggests that attitudes develop from the beliefs people have about the object of the attitude. Beliefs trade with the representation of the information this person has about a specific object. Beliefs link a given object to an property ; beliefs refers to the personal subjectiveness refering some facet of his/her environment, i.e. , the understanding a individual may hold about the universe. Besides, beliefs consider the subjective chance of a relationship between the given object of the belief and another object, value, construct, or property. Beliefs are formed every bit shortly as an object is linked to an property. In the instance of attitudes refering behavior beliefs link the attitude with a certain result. Although a individual may keep a great m any behavioral beliefs merely a comparatively little figure are readily accessible at any clip. The theoretical account goes on to province that by uniting these accessible beliefs and the subjective values of the expected result of the behavior in inquiry you can find the attitude towards the behavior. This can be shown in the undermentioned equation. Nitrogen AB = biei I = 1 Where: AB = individual # 8217 ; s attitude toward the behavior B = Beliefs the person has about the fact that executing the behavior B leads to a effect or result I vitamin E = rating of the result I I = the specific belief figure, from 1 to N An of import note about the anticipation value theoretical account is that the beliefs concerned must be of a outstanding nature and must be elicited from the respondents themselves. The normative constituent of the theory trades with the influence the societal environment may hold on behavior. Subjective Norms refers to an single # 8217 ; s perceptual experience about his equals, household or friends sentiments and how this perceptual experience influences him in whether or non he performs a specific behavior. The theoretical account proposes that the general subjective norm ( SN ) can be obtained by adding the consequences of each generation between the individual # 8217 ; s outlooks sing the group he considers of import to him, i.e. , his normative beliefs ( NB ) , and his motive to follow ( MC ) with each of the referent group. Similarly as with behavioral beliefs ( precursor to attitudes ) , normative beliefs refer to the sensed behavioral outlooks of of import referents salient to the behavior being investigated. Motivation to follow is the extent to which the topic wants to follow with the referents. This preparation is presented in the undermentioned equation: N SN = ( NB ) I ( MC ) I I = 1 Where: SN = individual # 8217 ; s Attitude toward the Behaviour NB = normative belief MC = Motivation to Comply I = the specific belief figure, from 1 to N The theoretical account has been used in many attitude surveies in the yesteryear as a model for anticipation of behaviour purpose ( Conner A ; Sparks, 1996 ; Godin A ; Kok, 1996 ; Schifter A ; Ajzen, 1985 ; Terry, Gallois A ; McCamish, 1993 ) . The Theory of Reasoned Action later was refined to include a 3rd commanding factor on a individual s purpose to act. Perceived behavioral control was added as surveies indicated that when topics did non hold volitional control or perceived volitional control these variables input into the theoretical account returned a greater grade of assurance and success in the theory. Perceived behavioral control was conceptualised as a individual s anticipation of the easiness or trouble of executing the intended behavior ( Ajzen, 1988 ) . Perceived behavioral control is assumed to once more be preceded by beliefs, in this instance control beliefs. These relate to the perceived presence of factors that may ease or hinder public presentation of behavior. The control beliefs may be based on past experience or influence by second-hand information. The strength of each belief is weighted by the sensed power of the control factor. The merchandises are aggregated in the undermentioned equation. N PBC = curie pi I = 1 Where: PBC = individual # 8217 ; s Perceived behavioral control hundred = Control belief P = sensed power I = the specific belief figure, from 1 to N Ajzen and Madden ( 1986 ) confirmed the hypothesis that the incorporation of the behavioral control constituent allows for more accurate anticipation of behavior such as pupils category attending and class accomplishments, compared with the original version of the theory of reasoned action. The coming of the Theory of Planned Behaviour does non render the Theory of Reasoned Action obsolete. However when behavior is in some manner deemed to be under volitional control of the topic so the Theory of Planned Behaviour would make a more accurate history. Although, each aspect of the theory is of import surveies have shown that harmonizing to the research sphere, each has a greater or lesser influence. Out of 19 Theory of Planned Behaviour surveies Ajzen himself looked at merely 9 were found to hold important influence from the subjective norms, and so this suggests that the consequence of anticipation is specific ( Ajzen, 1991 ) . Attitudes were found to hold the most influence on the pur pose to act. With Ajzen s theory came a figure of unfavorable judgments and alternate theories. Psychologists such and Bentler and Speckart ( 1979, 1981 ) highlighted the importance of wonts when trying to foretell and explicate people s purpose to act. Other variables investigated and found to hold act uponing behaviors are the experient moral duty to demo certain behavior or the relevancy of this behavior for self-identity results ( Gorsuch and Ortberg, 1983 ; Granberg and Holmberg, 1990 ) . Alternate constructions have been hypothesized. Fazio s MODE theoretical account ( motive and chance as determiners of how attitudes influence behavior ) was suggested as Fazio believed that the Theory of Reasoned Action was merely utile when covering with state of affairss where people are extremely motivated and capable of believing intentionally about the attitude and/or the behavior relevant to this attitude ( Fazio, 1990 ) The Southern Cross of this thought was that in a state of affairs were there is a deficiency of motive or sensible ability to entree determination on an attitude behavior dependent issue so extremely accessible attitudes will act upon behaviors as they affect the individuals perceptual experience and judgement of the state of affairs. The premise of purpose to act was critised by many including Eagly and Chaiken ( 1993 ) . They wrote the construct of purposes remains developing in the sound action theoretical account. Purpose might. . . be conceptualized as a continuum running from mistily formulated ideas about future behavior to distinct programs that one is traveling to prosecute in a peculiar behavior at a peculiar point in clip ( p. 185 ) . Simon ( 1981 ) questioned the premise of human rational decision-making, which Azjen postulated was one of the premises the Theory of Reasoned Action took into history. Harmonizing to Simon given the capacity restrictions of human information processing, people do non seek to optimize results through their behavioral de terminations but are in general satisfied with any result that is above a subjective degree of aspiration. Persons strive non for maximal public-service corporation but for fulfilling results that can be far short of a theoretically accomplishable upper limit. Interesting developments of the TRA and TPB have been suggested by a figure of psychologists. These prevarication in the enlargement of the original premiss Azjen made about the ego. In these recent theoretical re-formulations, it is argued that the ego can be deconstructed into a figure of different spheres, such as private ego, personal ego, and interpersonal ego and other broader societal individualities. The private ego can be seen in footings of one s ain experiences and personality traits. The interpersonal ego can be loosely regarded as a signifier of societal individuality and self-categorisation, within a group scenario. The foundations of the Theory of Reasoned Action still hold in these surrogate proposed thoughts. Social norms can be translated into the slang of societal influence in which a group exerts societal force per unit area upon the topic to conform to a given societal ideal or behavior. These thoughts provide ways of explicating the changing grades of influence both attitudes and norms affects one purpose to act. For illustration if a behavior ( presuming the direct correlativity with purpose ) is the merchandise of a state of affairs with personal relevancy to the single so attitudes will play a larger function than the societal norms. If the antonym is true and the state of affairs is borne out from depersonalization so the norms are the better indicant of purpose. Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Care The theory of Reasoned Action has been influential on a figure of past surveies focused on the attitudes of nurses ( Carter A ; MacInnes,1996 ; Hope,1994 ; J Snape,1989 ) . A figure of surveies across the comprehensiveness of health care have used the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour as support for their findings ( e.g. Conner and Sparks, 1996 ; Godin, Valois, Lepage and Deshamais, 1992 ; Schifter and Ajzen, 1985 ; Terry, Gallois and McCamish, 1993 ) . With the sphere of nurse health care and their signifier of work it is ill-defined as of yet if attitudes or subjective norms are of greater influence. Past surveies have possibly wrongly taken this subjective theorisation. There are statements for both attitudes being more of import due to the big proportion of interpersonal engagement on the portion of a nurse. Subjective norms can besides claim to hold a greater influence due to the construction of our health care system as a duty hierarchy. The Theory of P lanned behavior has non been used before to pattern nurses behaviour in regard to aged patients. Previously the premise has that nurses have volitional control whilst working on a ward with patients. There are nevertheless a myriad of nonvolitional influences, which may good hold a important consequence on a nurses behavior. These nonvolitional factors such as the working environment and infirmary policy, which in a hieratically organized environment such as a infirmary may play an influential function. Past research in wellness attention has frequently over looked these variables. Surely the high degree of interpersonal attention and contact in nurses daily work is straight influenced by the nurses own ego individuality ( Farley, Lehmann and Ryan 1981 ) , so hence attitudes are expected to be significantly prognostic of behavioral purposes. Perceived behavioral control has been shown to be of greatest influence when a individual has old experience and cognition of the mark behavior and environment ( Bentler A ; Speckart,1979 ; Fredricks A ; Dossett, 1983 ; Manstead et Al. 1983 ) . Gerontology is a big specialist field in health care and a big proportion of nursing instruction from the beginning of 1st twelvemonth preparation. The theory of planned behavior offers a better architecture in which to integrate these influencing factors. Hypothesiss H1 = The theory of Planned Behaviour can be used to foretell Nurses purposes to act towards aged people. H2 = Behavioural beliefs and ratings straight correlate with attitudes. H3 = Normative beliefs and ratings straight correlate with subjective norms. H4 = Control beliefs and control power straight correlate with sensed behavioral controls.

Global Economy Entry by Foreign Firms

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Entry by Foreign Firms? Answer: In an integrated global economy, the fortunes of national economy are no longer driven by internal factors but are increasingly being dominated by external factors especially global shocks. This is particularly so for developing countries whose extent of capital inflows and outflows especially in the emerging equity markets is severely dependent on the underlying macroeconomic strength of the developed nations particularly US and Eurozone. As a result the domain of economic policy making is increasingly becoming more challenging as the monetary and fiscal policies typically tend to become reactive to the global happenings which have profound impact on the domestic economy. This leads to enhanced level of vulnerability for the emerging economies which is most evident in the frequent fluctuation of exchange rate which to a large extent is driven by global factors. In this background, the aim of this essay is to explore the impact of international capital inflows on exchange rate determ ination in the context of emerging economies and thus comment on the implications for policymakers of these economies. In order to analyse the above thesis, it is quintessential to define the various constituents of capital inflows which are of significance for the discussion with regards to exchange rate. There are primarily four types of capital inflows that are likely to have an impact on the exchange rate namely Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Institutional Investors (FII i.e. who invest money in domestic securities), remittances and raising debt or equity capital from abroad for domestic consumption by corporate and governments. In the period leading up to 2008 i.e. the global financial crisis, there was a substantial amount of capital inflows that were being invested in emerging economies particularly the BRICS nations on account of their superior growth prospects and sound economic fundamentals which is apparent from the graph shown below. Source: IMF (International Monetary Fund) There have been a plethora of studies which have tried to analyse the impact of FDI inflows on the domestic currency in the context of emerging markets. In an influential study conducted by Chakrabati and Scholnick (2002), it has been found that FDI inflows tend to result in the appreciation of currency in the short run. This is clearly on expected lines as FDI inflows would enhance the demand for domestic currency (as investment in the recipient nation can be only made in domestic currency) and thus the domestic currency would appreciate against the given foreign currency. However since FDI is typically meant to make a productive investment in the recipient country, the concerned money is not hot money and hence used for acquiring tangible assets which could further be used in production of a particular good or delivering a service. As a result, this does not cause much volatility in the exchange rate regime as FDI outflows are not very frequent as liquidation of existing assets is not easy (Campa, 1991). Additionally as is evident from the graph shown above, even at the peak the total FDI in emerging economies was $ 350 billion out of which nearly 33% was received by China alone. Since China has a pegged currency hence the huge FDI inflows do not have any measurable impact on Chinese currency while the remaining quantum of funds is not huge considering the size of emerging economies. Therefore in the short run, FDI do not contribute much to the volatility and determination of exchange rate in the emerging economies and hence do not contribute significantly to currency vulnerability (Chakrabati and Scholnick, 2002). In the aftermath of the 2008 global economic crisis, the West led by the US adhered to a exceptionally loose monetary policy with near interest rates along with pumping money into the system in the name of quantitative easing (QE). As a result of this ample liquidity available in the system, huge investments in the securities market of emerging economies were witnessed as these were much more resilient than the weak economies of the West (Fillingham, 2013). In this regard, it is prudent to take the example of India which is one of the largest emerging economies, placed just after China. The FII investment in the Indian capital markets is summarised in the data shown below. Source: SEBI Annual Reports (All figures are in INR crores) It is apparent from the above graph, that the highest FII inflows in the Indian stock market was witnessed in the year 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 i.e. in the aftermath of the global financial crisis due to ample liquidity available in the system with lack of attractive investment avenues. In this background, it is prudent to represent that currency movement of INR (Indian Rupee) with respect to USD which is depicted in the graph shown below. Source : Trading Economics Website From the above graph, it is apparent that as the global financial crisis reached its peak in 2008-2009, the FII which are primarily based in the West started liquidating their portfolios and pulling out money from emerging economies which is apparent in negative FII inflow in India. As a result there was a depreciation of Indian Rupee (INR) as is apparent from the graph shown since the demand for USD increased against INR thus causing appreciation of USD (Morgan, 2011). However after the central banks in the western countries intervened to pump huge liquidity in the system, then this cheap money started getting invested in emerging economies security market in the year 2010-2011. As a result the demand for the domestic currency increased, which was accompanied by a depreciation of USD and an appreciation of the domestic currency which is also apparent from the above graph where in the year 2010 and 2011, the INR has appreciated against the INR. Due to this appreciation the central ba nks in the emerging economies had to make regular intervention so as to assure that the interests of the exporters were safeguarded since global demand was also low (Gagnon et. al, 2011). Hence in Indias case RBI had to sterilise this massive inflows of USD by buying USD from the open markets. Further starting from 2013 onwards, the US economy has shown signs of recovery due to which the Federal Reserve in a systematic manner has reduced the support in the form of quantitative easing which officially ended in October 2014 (Monaghan, 2014). As a result of this, the supply of fresh dollars in the market has decreased which has caused an appreciation of USD and corresponding decline in the other currencies. Further since the macroeconomic fundamentals are improving in the USA, the foreign investors are withdrawing their money from emerging economies by liquidating their portfolios so as to invest money in the US economy. This has increased the supply of the currency of emerging economies and is causing their depreciation in the last 2-3 years which is quite evident from the graph of four currencies (i.e. Indian Rupee, South African Rand, Russian Rouble, Brazilian Real) of biggest economies. From the period beginning in 2013 to the present all these currencies have differentia ted by more than 20% and in some cases up to 40% (Kaltenbrunner, 2014). Source: Trading Economics Website Source: Trading Economics Website Source: Trading Economics Website Clearly this sudden depreciation of currency in a short span of time is a worrying signal for the central banks of these emerging economies and thus this issue was even raised in the G-7 summit in 2014. Most of these emerging economies (except China and Russia) run a sizable trade deficit and hence depreciation of currency further widens that trade deficit by making imports dearer and thereby is deteriorating the fiscal position of some of these emerging economies which further puts pressure on the currency to depreciate further and thus spiral into a vicious circle like situation which needs to be prudently managed (Kaltenbrunner, 2014). Another component of foreign capital inflow which can potentially impact the currency rate is the remittances particularly that which is made by the diasporas living abroad. India and China have the most widespread diasporas and hence receive the highest remittance. While fundamental principles of microeconomics may suggest that this inflow would cause appreciation of the local currency due to the increasing demand for the local currency. However the more prominent impact of remittances is primarily indirect and the direct impact is rather negligible. As a result of this money sent by diasporas, the amount of money with the domestic population increases which results in increased spending and demand for various products and services which fuels inflation. This inflation tends to cause depreciation of the domestic currency vis-a-vis the foreign currency especially if the inflation differential between the nations is significant (Chami et. al., 2008). For countries like India and China, the remittances despite being large are only a fraction of GDP and thus are absorbed by the economy without causing any inflation and hence the impact on the currency is minimal. However for smaller economies such as Vietnam, Cambodia where remittances as a % of GDP are significant, the economy cannot absorb the money and hence thus causes inflation which has significant depreciating effect on the economy (Ekanayake Halkides, 2008). Further with regards to capital inflows in the form of either government or corporate borrowings, usually the quantum of these are not large to impact currency rate and also they are usually regulated by the central banks and the government especially after the ill effects of the Asian economic crisis in 1997 caused primarily due to full capital convertibility of their corresponding currencies. It can be inferred from the above that for emerging economies that capital inflows does have a significant impact on the currency rate and thereby presents a challenge to regulators and exporter/importer due to increased vulnerability and underlying currency volatility. However for most emerging economies, capital inflows in the form of portfolio investments or FII route is the troublesome component since this is essentially hot money whose directional flow is more dependent on the global factors rather than domestic factors as has been witnessed in the aftermath of 2008 global economic crisis which has significantly enhanced bidirectional volatility in the underlying currency of all emerging economies. As a result going forward, it is imperative that the central banks and regulators need to augment their foreign reserves so that the currency exchange rates may be managed and thus kept in a range in the short run so as to not impact the interests of the economy in an adverse manner. Additionally reasonable restrictions on capital flows may also be placed in the interest of domestic currency stability but the same should be done so as not to adversely impacting the inflow of foreign capital which has a critical role to play in the economy of these emerging economies. References Campa, J.M. 1993. Entry by Foreign Firms in the United States under Exchange Rate Uncertainty, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 614-622. Chakrabarti, R. Scholnick, B. 2002. Exchange Rate Expectations and Foreign Direct Investment Flows, Weltwirtschafiliches Archives, Vol. 138, No.1, pp. 1-21. Chami, R., Barajas, R., Cosimano,T., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M. Montiel,P. 2008, Macroeconomic Consequences of Remittances, IMF Occasional Paper No. 259, International Monetary Fund, Washington Ekanayake, E.M. Halkides, M. 2008. Do remittances and foreign direct investment promote growth? Evidence from developing countries. Journal of International Business and Economics,Vol. 13, No.1, pp. 23-32 Fillingham, Z. 2013. Quantitative Easing and Emerging Markets: A Crisis in the Making?, Geopolitical Monitor, Available Online from https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/quantitative-easing-and-emerging-markets-a-crisis-in-the-making-4885/ (Accessed on August 29, 2015) Gagnon, J., Raskin, M., Remache, J. Sack.B. 2011. The Financial Market Effects of the Federal Reserves Large-Scale Asset Purchases. International Journal of Central Banking Vol.7, No.1, pp. 343. Kaltenbrunner, A. 2014. Volatile international capital flows in emerging economies, The Broker, Available Online from https://thebrokeronline.eu/Blogs/Employment/Volatile-international-capital-flows-in-emerging-economies (Accessed on August 27, 2015) Monaghan, A. 2014. US Federal Reserve to end quantitative easing programme, The Guardian, Available Online from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/29/us-federal-reserve-end-quantitative-easing-programme (Accessed on August 28, 2015) Morgan, P. 2011. Impact of US Quantitative Easing Policy on Emerging Asia. ADBI Working Paper 321. Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI). Tokyo. Neely, C. J. 2010. The Large Scale Asset Purchase Had Large International Effects. Working Paper Series No. 2010-018D. Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.