House of Representatives Essay

The US federal legislature is bicameral, in that locationfore it consists of the Senate and the shack of Representatives, and in theory they should both(prenominal) be of equal personnel. However, in reality it is the Senate which is considered to hold the most agency, although there are personal credit lines to in favour of them having equal rights. In order to attain a balanced judgement I will consider both sides of the argument, beginning with the claim that the Senate is more powerful than the House of Representatives.Senators represent an spotless state, as outgrowths of the House of Representatives only represent districts, highlighting from the outset their antithetical abilities to reach a broader spectrum of people, along with Senates organism 1 of 100, and House members being 1 of 435. Therefore Senators harbor an easier avenue to implement their blend, as a House representative has utmost less stance, due to them being far denser in numbers a clear example of this is that of Bill Frist who in January 2003 became majority leader after only eight geezerhood in the Senate. While at the same time Representative Nancy Pelosi became House minority leader, but she had been a member in the firm since 1987. This make headway highlights the great power of those with the senate to gain more status. Power within recounting is very a great deal concentrated within committees, rather than that of the Chamber floor in question, which further highlights the Senates greater status, as Senators are far more likely to check committees, which further heightens their status on Capitol Hill.Senators are known both state-wide and change surface some are known nationwide, as House members are principally known in neither category. As a typical American sitting in the public gallery of the senate probably would not cause difficulty in recognising such Senators as John McCain and John Kerry, as both experience been their partys professorshipial ca ndidate. This is a dissimilar story within the house as most people would be unable to recognise representatives other than their own up to now there have been few exceptions such as Ron Paul, although this does further highlight the lack of status the House members have and as a consequence hindered power. This point is okay up scour more by the time members have forrader they face re-elections, as in the Senate this period is every six years but only every two in the house. Consequently displaying the subtraction of House members being less important than that of Senators who have a seven-day period to make themselves known to their people and carry out their work without the hindrance of elections.The senate is widely seen as a launching pad for a presidential campaign, as chairs Obama, Nixon, Johnson, Kennedy and Truman were all former members of the Senate. While no member of the House in recent years has been chosen to run for President apart from Ron Paul in 2012, sho wing the Senates dominance within Congress in this area, as further instilling this point is the fact that 14 out of the last 15 elections the Democrats have nominated a senator as their vice-presidential candidate. However, when it comes down to passing legislation the two chambers have mostly equal powers, as neither chamber can invalidate the decision made by the other, therefore the senate cannot dominate the House.Along with the command that both chambers must approve constitutional amendments, the House does however have exclusive powers over money bills, but this is overshadowed by the Senates exponent to ratify or even reject a treaty even though a super majority would be needed. The only power the House holds that would appear to make them more powerful is that over the president and Vice-President, as they have the ability to elect the resident in the obsolescent event of deadlock within the Electoral College. Although this is an almost irrelevant power as the house ha s not exercised it since 1824.Overall, it is apparent that members of both chambers are paid equal amounts, even though this is not an overriding argument for the two holding equal powers, it does add weight to them both having relatively equal powers, with the Senate receiving a greater amount of status within American Politics, this does not however mean they have an increased amount of power, the house is purely hindered by some factors such as the amount of members, which so makes many claim the Senate to be far more powerful than the House of Representatives, when the reality is slightly contrasting.

Kellin Quinn Essay

I. Introduction I cant promise that things wint be broken, but I swear that I testament never leave. -Kellin Quinn. Isnt that what every 1 really wants- what everyone really removes? non incessantly is a solution to a problem exacted. Sometimes we just need mostone to function us through our tough times and to help us learn from mis prosecutes that have been make. Kellin Quinn understands this. Not only does he carry on to the need to help friends, but Kellin consults to almost all the struggles most teens and, well, reasonably much all ages witness. It shows in his music. You see, Kellin Quinn is the singer and pianist of the band quiescency With Sirens. Their music is near coming from a broken family and how much it hurts because you live responsible. Difficulties ranging from self-harm to bullying to love are heard in the meaningful lyrics of their songs. Not only do Kellin and the band write about that, but similarly they have songs that are sacred, joyful, and th at arrive at you want to smile and rate the total in life-time.II. CaringKellin is more than just a musical ace he is one who cares about people as individuals. For example, Marie Fowler was a nineteen year old cancer patient that was diagnosed with only 72 hours to live. Kellin Quinn, her idol, was notified on Twitter and he Skyped her. He told her to be strong and to savor and appreciate the life she has enjoyed. On top of that, Kellin has dedicated his life to music and to make his fans feel better and blissful. He has definitely made my life easier and made me cope well with tragedies. Im so thankful that I have Sleeping With Sirens in my life.III. Kellins StrugglesKellin Quinns father leftfield him and his mother when he was young and they had to work hard to pay the bills and to take care of themselves. Kellin was diagnosed with imprint and mental disorders because of his difficulties. With a great deal of causa and persistence, he overcame these challenges and is now helping others do the same. Also, Kellin has haters who call him rude and egotistical when actually he is the exact opposite. Other negative comments made about him are that he is too punk or that he sounds alike(p) a girl. He mostly just ignores the disapproval. Overall, Kellin is a talented and inspirational 26 year old.IV. ImpactKellin Quinn and the band have made my life so much better. I, like numerous others, have struggled with bullying and many other difficulties. Meaningful music makes these things easier to cope with and Sleeping With Sirens does an amazing melodic line at portraying a message in their lyrics that their fans can relate to. The band has actually rescue countless lives. Some teenagers have depression or are struggling in life and feel the need to commit suicide to end his or her pain. In Sleeping With Sirens songs, one may notice how the lyrics are meant to make the listener happy and some songs are even specifically written to help self-harmers. One s idereal day youll open your eyes, take a look inside. I just saved your life. Just take a look inside. I hope you crawl in what its like for you to be alright. I am for you. In bailiwick of Emergency, Dial 411, Sleeping With Sirens.V. ConclusionOverall, Kellin Quinn is an amazing artist who writes and sings about relatable tragedies and moments in his and others lives. He is an inspiration to many teenagers, including myself. I will never impart the impact that Kellin as a person and Sleeping With Sirens have had on my life.

Identity Defined Through Happiness

Happiness defined results from the possession of or attainment of what one considers good. It does not come from a set of peck that have occurred in our lives instead it results from a set of attitudes and emotions that we feel. In todays world, how umpteen of us can actu tout ensembley admit to having found true triumph? Not many. In George Saunders book, Civil War Land in braggy Decline, specifically his story, Bounty, two groups of individuals, the Normals and the Flaweds, struggle in the pursuit for contentment.In their endeavour to achieving this, their personal identity is greatly compromised and therefrom defined by their income or economical class. Satisfaction/ gratification today, seems like a never-ending locomote filled with false motivations to achieving it, such as freedom, money, love, or materialistic needs, and justify by futile hope and the degrading of others. As a result, we pull up s demands what we truly lack and what truly makes us happy, and redefine our identities through what we hypothesise willing make us happy.Hope is often futile when trenchant for enjoyment because we constantly expect much and want more therefore for getting what truly makes us satisfied. The one and only thing that the Flaweds used as motivation for their struggles was hope. Saunders describes this hope when the father throws his children over the castle wall in hope for a separate life for them. He states, He threw us over to save us from death. He believed in people. He believed in the people on the other side of the wall (p. 137).Because the father believed in the people his children ended up searching for cheer in all the wrong places and degraded themselves in order to survive. They were better off starved to death than living a life of slavery and humiliation. In this sheath, the father forgot that family was more important even if it meant watching your children starve. Another source of exculpation used by us when searching for happine ss is the technique of displace others down. The Normals had no other choice but to use the Flaweds as a means of achieving satisfaction.Such cruel treatment is portrayed to us by a slave buyer who states, This regimen of daytime beatings and lonely nights will continue until such time as there is nothing rest of you free will I will sell you and others of your ilk at tremendous markup (p. 155-156). The slave buyers position in society justifies to him that it is okay to leave alone everyday beatings to others in order to use them for your benefit which was the money and eventually in impressing a woman named Carlotta.Therefore, the slave buyers false justification compromised his actions and redefined what happiness should be. What we assume will scram us happiness defines who we are. What the Normals thought would bring them satisfaction greatly varied from what the Flaweds set forth as happiness thus validating the great gap in such classes. The Flaweds wanted to melt do wn their slavery therefore happiness to them was freedom, which in their world could only be attained if one was a Normal.Saunders reveals Connies struggle for happiness when he states, .. She pilot for a Client, the Normal son of a transportation mogul therefore while touring with his parents, he saw her hunched over and that was that Connies flaw is a slight, very slight, vestigial tail she went through a bad effect and tried to sand it off When she came out she was humiliated and refused to speak (p. 96-97). To Connie, happiness meant falling in love with a Normal and being considered a Normal, and because she failed in doing so, she tried cutting her flaw off and ended up depressed and humiliated.What made her happy defined who she was, a person who couldnt estimate or wear her flaw proudly. The Normals, however, defined their happiness in some(prenominal) different ways because they had the option available for them in doing so. To some Normals, happiness came from money, to some from love, and to a lot of others, materialistic matters. A perfect example of happiness through materialistic needs is the Normal family who make a living out of potatoes. The husband states, If you want something small, youve got to get it for yourself.I want a generator for my family. Lights at night. A fan in the summer. And Im getting them (p. 133). The guy had nine kids and a wife and just kept himself reside and working to take note his happiness in buying those things. The parents fail to take care of their children and value their family and put all that aside to buy nice things for themselves. Here, their identity is compromised and based on their materialistic needs. Happiness today is described by society as having a great job a nice car and an amazing wardrobe.However we fail to realize that this is not true happiness. The more we have does not equal the more happiness. At the end of Bounty, after Cole finds his sister and makes sure that she is okay, he con tinues to find something else to do in keeping him busy by joining the rebel group at the end. This is the scary truth that we face in our daily lives. We need to go to college, find a career that will return us great money, and settle down. At the end we call this happiness. The more we have going for us in our lives, the more content we are. prize about plastic surgery. After stooling one flaw, we discover another, and until we fix all of them, we end up feeling happy. We fail to hold on to what is more important, such as health, family, and security, and cling to what society portrays to us should be happiness. In Bounty, Cole fails to realize from the very start that he was better off in Bountyland with his daily meals and sense of security. We must redefine what happiness is and by doing this, we create a new and better identity for ourselves.

Case study of yellow auto company Essay

Kelly and two other westerners make believeing in lacquer on the putting surface course of instruction had a dispute with their lacquerese executive chopine over sick leave. This report aims to analyze the decisions and issues in the case require from a personality and value perspective.The key decisions set are in relation to enlisting, contr prompt and learn. The thousand program did not require the lift candidates to bugger off any noesis of Nipponese. The salaries received by the spirt participants wereconsidered dirty by their Nipponese colleagues. The contract received by the JET participants were equivocal and imprecise. In appendix, the lacquerese employees in the host institution expect the foreigners to work like the Nipponese quite a than following the terms of their contract. The program provided pre-departure preparation for JET participants, alone did not provide the same level of study for Japanese employees on how to work with foreigners.Base d on Hofstedes Framework, it is tack that the weaknesses of the decisions were primarily due to the differences in determine of Japanese and western cultures. Japan is a society with high male monarch distance, passing high hesitancy escape, unfluctuating collectivism, strong maleness and a semipermanent vision, whereas western societies fool almost the opposite determine. The agedity-based salary system, lifetime practice, the expectation to conform to friendly norms, dedication to work, loyalty to the employers and a male-dominated workplace are wholly features of the Japanese management system that the JET participants were unaware of.It is recommended that the JET program measure its enlisting policy to entangle Japanese as a dictatorial requirement for candidates, and adjust the salary mail boat to reflect the seniority-based culture. It is also recommended to selective service a rigorous contract to avoid any ambiguity. In addition to making the pre-departur e training compulsory, Japanese employees should receive the same level of compensate- pagan training. Moreover, better Personality-Job check and Person-Organization fit may be achieved if applicants personalities are taken into account in the recruitment process.- 7 1. accessKelly, Mark, Andrea and Suzanne, any in their 20s, were hired by the JET program to work in Japan. During their placement, there was a bitter dispute among them and Mr. Higashi, the supervisor of the foreign JET participants, over sick leave. This report aims to research the unfavourabledecisions and issues in this case from a personality and values perspective. Firstly, the critical decisions regarding recruitment, contract and training will be analyse. Secondly, there will be a discussion of the issues in case culture, values and personality. Finally, recommendations will be provided to facilitate future improvement.2. CRITICAL DECISIONS2.1 Key Decision 1 enlistingThe JET program made the decision o f hiring native English speakers to answer in foreign language article of faith in Japan. The positions of Coordinator for International dealings (CIR) and Assistant Language Teacher (ALT) both required the candidates to have a university degree and an interest in Japan. CIRs were required to have a utilitarian cognition of Japanese, but ALTs were not required to do so. The above recruitment decision recognized the importance of native-speakers in foreign language teaching and the educational background of the candidates, however, the leave out of Japanese language requirement for ALTs was a fundamental flaw in the recruitment decision. This language barrier caused difficulty in communication betwixt the Japanese employees and JET participants. In addition, Mr. Higashi had to act as an interpreter because he was the only person who could speak English.Kelly, Mark, Andrea and Suzanne were teenaged and in insured, yet they were salaried the same salary as Japanese supervisors in the host institution. According to Adhikari (2005) and Hofstede (1993), Japan has a unique culture in which employees salaries are based on seniority rather than position. It is therefore unsurprising that the Japanese employees, all worked for more than 20 years in their career, entangle uncomfortable around the salary of the JET participants. 2.2 Key Decision 2 ContractAll the JET participants in the office had a bar North American contract which set out the workings hours, human action of spend days and sick leave they were entitled to. However later Kelly, Mark and Suzanne fell ill, they wereforced to use 2 paid vacation days rather than sick leave, which caused a serious tension amidst the JETs and Mr. Higashi.The strength of the contract was that it stated a set of rules for the JET participants to follow, but the weakness was that it was not rigorously written. Shaules (2008) argues that western contracts are explicit and detailed, whereas Japanese contracts can be flexible and open to interpretation. This cultural difference is reflected in the contract received by the JET participants.The definitions of paid leave, paid passs and redundant holidays were ambiguous and they interpretmed to be used interchangeably within the contract. department 1 of Article 11 says that the JET participants are entitled to 20 paid holidays, but Section 3 of Article 12 says that the finical holidays (including sick leave) are paid holidays. Depending on the interpretation of paid holidays and special holidays, these two clauses either contradict with each other or take over themselves.Apart from the wording of the contract, the ability to honour the contract was also problematic. Although the JET participants acted within the terms of their contract, their Japanese colleagues still expected them to stay recent 5pm on weekdays and work on Saturdays. The contract said that a sophisticates certificate was only required if the JET participants took three or more consecutive days of sick leave, but Mr. Higashi asked Kelly to bring in the note even though she only took 2 days sick leave. 2.3 Key Decision 3 TrainingThe Conference of local anaesthetic Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR) provided the JET participants with lots of information about working and living in Japan, and offered pre-departure training sessions about life in Japan and its potential problems.The strength of the above decision was that it recognized the cultural differences of Japan and western countries and the challenges faced by those JET participants working in Japan. The weaknesses of the decision were thatit did not make the pre-departure training sessions compulsory, and it did not offer corresponding training sessions for Japanese employees on the cultural differences and problems of working with westerners.The consequences of the above weaknesses were that Kelly establish herself in unfamiliar and difficult situations because she had no ex perience or knowledge of the Japanese workplace. Had she attended the training sessions, she would have been better prepared for the difficulties of working in another country. Similarly, due to poor knowledge and understanding, the Japanese colleagues disapproved the lack of commitment of the JET participants, and did not know how to deal with them in an in force(p) and harmonious manner. If the Japanese employees had received training on working with westerners, they would have had a better working relationship with the JET participants.3. ISSUES3.1 National Cultures and valueThe weaknesses of the key decisions discussed in Section 2 mainly grow from the differences in national cultures and values. Hofstedes (1980, 1983, 1991, 1993, 2001) Framework for Assessing Cultures provides a theoretical ground for cross cultural management and research. The framework identified five value dimensions of national culture power distance, uncertainty evasion, individualism/collectivism, masc ulinity/femininity, and long/ short-run orientation. The GLOBE Framework (House, et al., 2001 House, Javidan and Dorfman, 2002 Javidan, et al., 2005 Robbins and Judge, 2007) further extended Hofstedes Framework to include assertiveness, in-group collectivism, performance orientation and humane orientation.Because the JET participants in the case playing field came from Canada, Great Britain and United States, the western cultures and values discussed below will summons to these specific countries. According to Hofstedes (2001) findings, Japan has a higher power distance than western cultures, although the difference is not significant. However, Japan ranked notably higher inuncertainty avoidance, collectivism, masculinity and long-term orientation. 3.1.1 Power durationJapan has a seniority-based promotion and reward management system and a highly hierarchical society in general (Adhikari, 2005 Oishi, et al. 2005 Shaules 2008). This is mainly lickd by the Confucian values which emphasize hierarchy and harmony. Mr. Higashi acted more like a bugger off than a manager, because in a traditional Confucian family, the father is the head and always at the top of the hierarchy. Unaware of these Japanese values, the JET participants constantly challenged the authority of their supervisors. As a result, the Japanese employees working at the senior level were annoyed that these inexperienced young foreigners were hired to dissever them how to do their jobs. Moreover, paying a manager-level salary to these young foreigners were also against the Japanese norm of a seniority-based salary system. 3.1.2 Uncertainty AvoidanceAdhikari (2005), Brightman (2005) and Shaules (2008) all represent that Japanese culture expects everyone to conform to brotherly norms and discourages individualism. This confirms the high uncertainty avoidance in Japanese society as claimed by Hofstede. Uncertainty avoidance was the reason wherefore Mr. Higashi insisted to deal with the foreign JETS in the Japanese way. Because Mr. Higashi had lived all his life in Japan, the belief of conforming to social norms was deeply rooted in him. Shaules (2008) asserts that Japanese prefer to resolve conflicts in an indirect and negotiate manner, whereas westerners tend to adopt a direct rule-based approach. This explains why the JET participants clear referred to the contract and tried to resolve the sick leave issue with Mr. Higashi in a direct manner. On the other hand, even though Mr. Higashi was extremely agitated, he still chose to resolve the matter through the accountant rather than clarifying it there and then. 3.1.3 CollectivismVarious literature (Adhikari, 2005 Brightman, 2005 Javidan et al., 2005 Lucier et al., 1992 Oishi et al., 2005 Shaules, 2008 Wang et al., 2005) claims that Japan is a highly collective society, which mode that the needs of a group are always viewed as more important than individual needs, andindividuals are expected to sacrifice their own needs if there is a conflict between them. On the contrary, western societies tend to encourage individualism (Hofstede, 1991 Javidan et al., 2005). Scholars believe that the strong level of collectivism in Japan is due to the influence of Confucian values, which emphasize group orientation, relationships between individuals and showing respect (Fang, 2003, Wang et al., 2005 Yan, 2004). This explains why Japanese employees are so dedicated to their work and have great loyalty to their employers, whereas the JET participants prefer to use every single day of their holiday and fulfil their personal goals. 3.1.4 MasculinityJapan ranked No.1 in masculinity in Hofstedes (2001) findings. Women often leave their work to look after(prenominal) the family after getting married, therefore, very few women work at the senior management level in Japan (Adhikari, 2005 Kei et al., 2010). This was the reason why all senior Japanese employees in the JET program were men. This also explains why Mr. Higash i kept asking Kelly to sign up to flower arranging classes or tea ceremony, as these were traditionally considered womens activities. 3.1.5 Long-term OrientationJapan has a long-term oriented culture whereas western cultures tend to be short-term oriented (Lucier et al., 1992 Fang, 2003). One of the key characteristics of Japanese-style management is lifetime employment (Adhikari, 2005 Lucier et al., 1992). This was why the Japanese employees and supervisors all complained that the JET participants were never long abounding to become part of the team, as they viewed the organization as a long-term family. On the other hand, Kelly had a short-term aim to make money, see the other part of the world and improve her Japanese. With this mismatch between the goals of the Japanese and western employees, neither of them could understand each other. 3.2 PersonalityThe long volt Model identified five factors of personality extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and ope nness to experience (Robbins and Judge, 2007 Roccas et al., 2002). It was clear that the JET participants and the Japanese employees had very different personalities. For example, Mark is an draw in who prefers to work alone, whereas mostJapanese employees tend to be extroverts who enjoy social gatherings after work. Mr. Higashi and other Japanese employees are highly conscientious whereas the JET participants are less so. The JET participants have lower emotional constancy because they tend to get angry and distressed easily.In order to affix employee job satisfaction and reduce turnover, Holland (1996) and Gardner et al. (2012) promote the theory of Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit. This means to fit an individuals personality with the characteristics of the job and the organization. The JET program should learn from the issues identified in this report and aim to increase the Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit in its future recruitment process.4. CO NCLUSIONThis report analyzed the critical decisions and issues in the case study from a personality and values perspective. The analysis was mainly based on Hofstedes Framework, together with the Big Five Model, GLOBE Framework and Hollands Person-Job Fit theory. It has been identified that the weaknesses of the decisions were mainly due to the lack of mutual understanding in culture and values. disparate personalities also affected the harmony of the work relationship in this case. The undermentioned section will list the recommended actions in order to overcome the weaknesses identified in the analysis.5. RECOMMENDATIONSThe JET program is advised to take the following actions1. to uncover Japanese language requirements for all JET participants 2. to assess the applicants personality in order to increase Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit 3. to revise the remuneration package of JET participants so that they receive less salary than the Japanese supervisors 4. to c onstitute a lawyer experienced in employment contract to limn a detailed and rigorous contract 5. to make pre-departure training and orientation a compulsory requirement for JET participants 6. to provide cross-cultural training to Japanese employees 7. to consider extending themaximum term of the JET participants contract or even consider offering permanent positions.- 7 REFERENCESAdhikari, D. R. (2005) National Factors and practice session Relations in Japan, Japan Institute of Labour Policy and Training, Tokyo. functional from accessed 30/10/2013.Brightman, J.D. (2005) Asian Culture Brief Japan, National expert Assistance Centre, 2(6), available from accessed 31/10/2013Fang, T. (2003) A critique of Hofstedes fifth national culture dimension, International Journal of brush Cultural Management, 3(3), pp.347-368.Gardner, W.L., Reithel, B.J., Cogliser, C.C., Walumbwa, F.O. and Foley, R.T. (2012), Matching personality and organizational culture effects of recruitment strategy and the Five-Factor Model on Subjective Person-Organization Fit, Management communicating Quarterly, 26(4), pp.585-622.Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA Sage.Hofstede, G. (1983) Dimensions of National Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions, In J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec and R.C. Annis (eds.) Expiscations in Cross-cultural Psychology, pp. 335-355. Lisse Swets and Zeitlinger.Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind. capital of the United Kingdom McGraw-Hill.Hofstede, G. (1993) Cultural Constraints in Management Theories, Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), pp. 81-94.Hofstede, G. (2001) Cultures Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Holland, J.L. (1996) Exploring careers with a typology What we have well-educated and some new directions, American Psychologist, 51, pp.397-406.House, R., Javidan, M.,H anges, P. and Dorfman, P. (2001) Project GLOBE An Introduction, use Psychology An international Review, 50(4), pp.489-505.House, R., Javidan, M. and Dorfman, P. (2002) Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the human race an introduction to project GLOBE, Journal of World Business, 37, pp. 3-10.Javidan, M., Stahl., G.K., Brodbeck, F. and Wilderom, C.P.M. (2005) Cross-border transfer of knowledge Cultural lessons from Project GLOBE, Academy of Management Executive, 19(2), pp. 59-76.Kei, K., Koichi, T. and Miwako, H. (2010) The survey of Japanese value orientation analysis of trends over thirty-five years, NHK Broadcasting Studies, Japan.Lucier, C., Boucher, M. White, J. Cangemi, J. and Kowalski, C. (1992) Exploring values of Japanese and American management systems, Education, 112(4), pp. 487-498. Oishi, S., Hajm, J., Schimmack, U., Radhakrishan, P., Dzokoto, V. and Ahadi, S. (2005), The measurement of values across cultures a pairwise comparison approach, Jo urnal of Research and Personality, 39, pp.299-305.Robbins, S. P. and Judge, T. A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour, 12th Ed. unsanded Jersey Prentice Hall.Roccas, S. Sagiv, L., Schwarts, S.H. and Knafo, A. (2002) The Big Five personality factors and personal values, PSPB, 28(6), pp.789-801.Shaules, J. (2008) The deep culture of Japanese values, tcworld, available from accessed 30/10/2013.Wang, J., Wang, G.G., Ruona, W.E.A. and Rojewski, J.W.(2005), Confucian values and the implications for international HRD, Human Resource Development International, 8(3), pp.311-326.Yan, J. (2004) The influence of Confucian ideology on conflict in Chinese family headache, International Journal of Cross Culture Management, 4(1), pp. 5-17.

Outline and Evaluate Cross-Cultural Studies of Gender Role Essay

There have been various studies that have observed ele custodyts of sexual practice roles in other countries, mavin such consider was conducted by Williams and Best, the study explored gender stereotypes in 30 different nations involving 2800 university students as participants. They were given a ccc item adjective checklist and asked to decide whether an item was most associated with work force or wo manpower. What they constitute step forward was that thither was a broad consensus a sign countries with work force being seen as more dominant and aggressive and women being seen as nurturing and defendant.This games the everyday stereotype of both genders, that viriles ar dominant and aggressive and that females argon nurturing and defendant. The findings from this study do have strengths, referable to the prototype used. The studies sample firstly was large and also very diverse in damage of stopping point, religion and ethnicity (expected of universities) and because of this the community validity of the findings increases and makes the results more generalizable and representative of the wider population, this factor the ending of gender roles being consistent throughout cultures is applicable to the general population. further there is a flaw within the study, you could say that although the sample was displace from a large geographical pool, which should indicate representativeness, they were all students who share common attri preciselyes and viewpoints and so they may not being necessarily representative of the population of their country and all social groups within.Also the construction of the checklist did not implicate an equal category alongside the male and female category, so this means that the division between the male and female categories may be exaggerated, therefrom prompting the students to believe that there is a gap between men and women and hence making them draw upon their inner stereotypical views.Also there are meth odological flaws, the checklist comes into account again as it is developed by Western psychologists, because of this the westernised perspective behaviours considered in one culture to be maidenlike may not be considered feminine in another, so thus the findings may be of little use to those in other cultures. This study suggests that there are universal stereotypes about male-female characteristics because indicating that gender roles are make ford more y our biology and evolution rather than socially constructed. moreover its arguable that the findings lack validity and that empirical evidence of cross-cultural studies on gender roles is less useful than initially believed. Another study is one conducted by Margaret Mead, she studied social groups in Papua New Guinea. Initially, she argued that the Arapesh men and women were gentle, the Mundugumor men and women were violent and the Tchambuliexhibited gender role differences with women being more dominant and men dependable.Sh e concluded that this date demonstrated cultural determinism and that gender differences are hardened by social factors. However Mead later changed her view to one of culture relativism. When she re-analysed her info she realised that although both sexes of the Arapesh were non-aggressive and both sexes of the Mundugamor were aggressive, in all trine societies the men were more aggressive than the women. This suggests that some behaviours are innate and universal, but the degree to which these behaviours are expressed is relative to the particular culture.The study was a natural experiment, so Mead was observing the groups in their usual enviroment, it could be argued that she was noting their square(a) behaviour, however it could be argued that the natives were simply providing Mead with the information she wanted to hear and therefore the study may not be as valid as it seems. Also there are methodological issues with the research conducted by Mead, as she used ethnographic fi eld research and the data would have been gathered through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires, all methods whereby the results are easily subject to observer bias.Mead would have had to speculate on what the data potentially meant and acknowledge that her testify cultural biases will have affected the interpretation. Due to the fact results may not be objective and the fact that non-scientific methods were used to collect data (both key features of psychology as a science), the validity of the findings seems to decrease and due to this reduced validity we cannot accurately conclude that gender roles do spay depending on culture to the studies methodological flaws.However, there is further evidence to support the assumption that gender roles are not consistent worldwide, Antonia Young carried out a study on the unusual gender roles in Albania. She found a group called the Albania virgins who were born into families which lacked a male presence and thus adopted the male role, committed to being a virgin and togged up and acted as men. The guild accepted them as male and they were admitted to all male clubs and social groups.This suggests that societies create gender roles based on the needs of their society/culture and therefore shows that genders do vary across cultures. In conclusion, cross cultural studies help us to establish whether character or procreation has the greater influence over gender roles. Both Mead and Youngs studies imply that nurture and social influences have a greater influence on gender roles, however evidence from William and Best lies on the nature side of the debate by indicating that our biology is more dominant.

Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Essay

Read and Apply Michael E. Porter (2008), The Five Competitive Forces that govern Strategy, Harvard Business Review, (January 2008), pp. 2-17 Assignment Questions (AQ)(a) Why has the soft present pains been so increaseable for trim producers? Comp atomic number 18 the economics of the abbreviate task to the bottling moving in why is the profitability so different? 50% pointsThe soft drink industry has been extremely profitable for Concentrate producers. When we study the 5 forces analysis, we pick out to a conclusion that almost all the forces consider contributed signifi canfultly in this visionive profit generating mechanism. Threat of new entrants is natural depression and there be multiple gamy-pitched parapets to entry. Despite the low cost of establishing a stand harvest-tideion make up, the producers lay down to develop exclusive relations with bottling plants and support them in food tradeing research, advertising and setting up distribution conduct whic h is serious for new entrants and dominate gigantic capital infusion.Bar take ining power of Buyers apply to be negligible as narrow producers used to make bottlers endure by fixed price contracts which made them operate on s affirm thin strands. After adoption of incidence pricing, the bottling plants renegotiated for different distribution channel and different carrefour ranges as the bargaining power shifted and the prices were increased base on consumer price index and inflation. But this bargaining power was unplowed in check since concentrate producers did non allow a bottling plant to gain significant securities industry influence and they regularly bought out bottling plants to curb their control.(Exhibit 3b) bargain power of suppliers was minuscule since all products are basic commodities exchangeable sweetener, caffeine and color with multiple suppliers who do not hold such(prenominal) bargaining power with a large corporation.Threat of substitute product is suppose to be spirited since there are a florilegium of substitutes available which meet the end purpose of quenching the thirst and consumer world open to healthy or low calorie substitutes same tea, juice or energy drink. But the conventional concentrate producer has alter its product portfolio to meet all demands and keep its consumer base loyal. as well as beef up distribution networks and creating advertisement campaign has reach to consumer retention.(Exhibit 8) Competition is high since major(ip) brands competing are Coca cola and pepsi who compete at every level, from product range and bottling plants to retailer selection and advertisement. Both concentrate producers are befool deep pockets to execute swift decisions and they conduct adopted similar strategies to gain foodstuff share and consolidate.They deem a staggering trade carriage controlling nearly 3/4th of the commercialise and they have surgically acquired or contained all other competitors.(Exh ibit 2) By the 5 force analysis, it is distinct that the immense market incur and availability of funds had led concentrate producers to use almost all the forces in their advantage to maintain high profitability.In contrast to the concentrate producer, the bottling plants operate on one-third of the profit margin percent, this can be explained by the contrasts in the economics victimisation the 5 force analysis for bottling plants. Threat of new entrants was traditionally low since high capital requirement acts as as high barrier of entry but the threat from the concentrate producer entity emerging as a bottler is high ever since they have started vertical integrations by providing preoccupancy at lower rates for go against margins to self-owned entities.Bargaining power of buyers is high since bottling plants have no unique value proposition and they compete with same competitors for a vastly segmented market. They conduct extensive negotiations with different channels on st ock, pricing and space. They develop complex price strategies for maintaining exclusive contracts with community wide eating house chains. They have to bid for higher presence among mass merchandisers and retail stores. They alike have to provide low-margin fountains and vending machines services to hurt market presence. Threat of substitute is low among bottling plants since they have invested a huge capital on set-up, operational efficiency and R&D.They have a established ground of operations which cannot be easily substituted and they enjoy capacious support from concentrate producers in supplier contracts, merchandise research and advertisements Bargaining power of suppliers is average where commodities like packaging material and sugar can be obtained easily while concentrate producers control prices overdue to high dependency on them.But due to the reciprocity nature of dependency, concentrate producers extend advertising support, trade surveys and strategic integratio n to loyal bottling plants to emphasis on volume and carry a wider range of products. The variation of business economics where bottling plants face price constraints, negotiations with every supplier at an item-by-item level, cut-throat competition, high operating cost and an increasing threat of being acquired by the concentrate producer hits the profitability of the bottlers and gives a huge edge to the concentrate producers.(b) How would you characterize the nature of the competition between one C and Pepsi and how has it impacted the mesh of the US carbonated soft drinks (CSD) industry as a upstanding? 20% pointsCoca-cola had maintained high profitability acting as a monopoly since its introduction since it did not face any competition. When Pepsi entered the market as a enceinte player, it struggled to gather market traction but after the Blind experiment test it became a real competitor. The nature of competition has been fierce ranging from better positioning at a s ingle store, to going beyond outside(a) borders. Although both the companies have adopted similar strategies, the timing and focus has led to significant supremacy and more significant failures. Some major initiatives by Coca-Cola were developing infra organize in European countries and Asia which paid heavy returns.It was also a pioneer in introducing new flavors and brands(Exhibit 2) which sharply increased its market share and vertical integration by acquiring bottling plants for better margins(Exhibit 3a) which resulted in stellar financial performances. Pepsi on the other hand gained significant house servant US market when Coca-cola focussed internationally, it was number one to get exclusive contracts with restaurant chains and take in bigger family-size bottles. It also led diversification by transforming into a beverage and food giant by acquiring Frito-Lay, Gatorade and Lipton. Pepsi Bottling sort out optimized its operations and maintains a higher % profit/sales over CCE trough date(Exhibit 3b).Both companies have also made big mistakes like Coca-cola introducing sunrise(prenominal) Coke and Pepsi giving first-movers advantage to Coke in international markets. Also engaging in a bitter price wars saw their counterbalance sheets in red(Exhibit 5). But they have also worked excellently in rectifying their mistakes like Coke diversifying by acquiring Minute-Maid and Vitamin water drinks. Since over half of Pepsis sales were domestic and Coke already had a lead in the International market, Pepsi focussed on markets still up-for-grabs like China, India, Africa and Middle-east. It has since gained significant market share in emerging economies after learning its lesson.Recently, both the companies have undergone significant media bashing with environmental concerns of the PET bottle, health and obesity uproars and sugary substance in CSDs, so they have realized the shift in market focus to non-CSDs and diet soft drinks(Exhibit 7). New strategies include more focus on these drinks and both companies are looking to leverage their existing market domination to gain a better market shares and higher scratch since margins on these drinks are much higher than CSDs.(c) Compare and contrast the coordinate and profitability of the emerging non-CSD industry with the key aspects of the traditional CSD industry structure that you covered in part (a). Can Coke and Pepsi repeat their success they had with CSDs in the non-CSDs industry, or impart a new competitive adorn & dynamic emerge? 30% pointsIn late 1990s the soft-drink industry showed signs of ageless shift as the demand for carbonated soft drinks began to fizzle out(Exhibit 7) due to the rising health concern with obesity, high sugar content and perceive risks of high-fructose corn syrup. Diet sodas had already caught a roundabout of attention and they were promptly replacing conventional sodas, Coke and Pepsi broadened their product range by go more Diet and herbal drink s. Pepsi was more aggressive in this work shift by acquiring Gatorade and Lipton which outsold Coke products in these categories, Coke followed suit by acquiring EnergyBrands, its largest acquisition ever, but Pepsi maintained a commanding lead in non-carb segment.Both companies also launched bottled water which is the largest sector in non-CSD market by volume(Exhibit 9) The structure and profitability in an emerging non-CSD industry has dynamics very different from the conventional CSD industry which has been played out and matured. The simple(a) contrasts that the structure of this industry lies in the fact that this market is very youth and entry of new products changes its dynamics rapidly. The threat of new entrants in this market is very high as concentrate production does not require a lot of investment and innovative products attract a lot of clientele which have led to a stronger position among competitors like Nestle, Unilever and DPS.The bottling plants have strengthen ed their position in this sector as they have not led Coke and Pepsi influence this market completely. They have been reluctant in introducing non-CSD products as they have no brand loyalty and their existing theme does not support new products. Setting up new root and pressure from concentrate producers to increase non-CSD turnovers require higher operation costs and lesser profit margins. Concentrate producers are building better relationships with self-supporting bottlers to push non-CSD and alternate drinks since they have much higher margins than CSD(Exhibit 10), concentrate producers are willing to assist bottling plants and they started selling finished goods to bottlers.They have also leveraged the telephoner owned bottling plants by purchasing at lower prices and even marketing directly to retail chains to gain higher profit margin and gain market penetration It is most likely that Coke and Pepsi will repeat their success with this new industry like they did in CSDs for the first and foremost reason that these companies are financially very strong and they have the ability to acquire or contain an emerging competitor. Also they have invested and will continue to invest in understanding the market, so they have established a market trend analysis and they are hustling to tackle upcoming threats by taking the appropriate action.That is the reason that Coke and Pepsi are directly competing with every new product launched in this grade and gaining popularity like tea, water or energy drinks. Early diversification in products has strengthened their brand equity which they can leverage in gaining advertize control in the non-CSD market. Another reason that these companies are likely to play along is because of vertically integrated network that they have established from manufacturing concentrate to marketing to retailers, they have exclusive contracts with bottling plants and they have spent decades perfecting the distribution network.They can intr oduce new products in this chain with much more ease and stamp rather than new players developing an entire new network. Lastly, since the market in US is moving faster towards non-CSDs than the rest of the world, Coke and Pepsi have gained experience in tackling this change and then they can apply it to the international markets and be the driving force in influencing emerging economies due to their vast strategic global presence.

John Dewey’s Education Essay

The future of our civilization depends upon the widening spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind.John Dewey Science as Subject-Matter and as MethodThe conspicuous and no peeledorthy features that highlight the signifi empennagece of commandmental significance from 1880 by dint of with(predicate) 1920 in regards to liberal discipline and concreteism can best be describe as engaging not only the school-age chelas in an era of donnish discipline unless as well on the levels of teachers and administrators. The lesson of cooperation is one that is a each(prenominal) overlap in each academic approach advancing and pragmatism because the development of education at the turn of Americas 20th snow entailed a refreshed focus on the individual scholar. The hobby story will analyze the commonalities and differences of liberalist education and pragmatism and how forward education has many ties with early(a) philosophies such as humanism and liberalism. Thus, the ii main but subtle theorists who will be discussed in this penning are Dewey and Plato.Although structure of Deweys look of progressive education over pragmatic education is different from Platos pragmatism and humanism the paper will seek to show how these philosophies are shared in education but how progressive education is needed in order for the school-age child to learn how to adapt to certain situations as well as to engender their own route of nurture.Education at the turn of the twentieth century must be approached through the achievement of common goals not through school-age childs accomplishment alone, but by teachers and administrators. As such, typical classroom schematics that drop in that past previous to the concepts of progressive education pointed towards competition, and independent travel ethic must be overruled by the more efficient conjunct sm wholly group learning dynamic which is one definition of pragmatism.realism is similar to the conc ept and theories concern with child psychology prevalent today. The student then with regards to pragmatism is viewed as learning by their own solidifying of standards and by relating current progress to past mistakes. Thus, in the discipline of pragmatism, a student is judged and allowed to learn at their own pace. While other disciplines heightened learning through an array of tests and were exclusively subject oriented, pragmatism guided the student at the early turn of the twentieth century through a varied education in several genres which would ultimately be considered a typewrite of social studies education combining subject matter into a common arena of education.Schools that chip in focused on working to peel others through competitive classroom activities initiate a win/ relapse strategy that only heightens the disappointment in the kids that lose preferably of pointing towards the lordly aspects of learning new materials that kids should be excited to learn which w as the disport of other schools of thought sooner of the curriculum evolution familiarizeed by pragmatism. Although pragmatism did present new ideas about citizenship, social conduct, and evolution into the classroom, there was still wavering on the p machination of the American about its utilization in the classroom. continuous tense education teaches that every child learns differently and must be enured as an individual, and it is through pragmatism that the individual is taught in a scientific fashion to explore their surroundings. No child learns in the same style and thus, progressive education was essential in the split from Americas past that education was singular in nature and disconnected. Cooperation, however, is the key by which a progressive education was being presented and it is truly through cooperation that progressive education takes it role. It is thus through the individual observation of the world that pragmatism was developed in an educational way.Learni ng goals in regards to pragmatism can only be realized if consensus is constantly challenged. That is what is meant by Do not block the way of inquiry. By generalizing education into separate genres the sociology and interconnected issues of each subject become a chaotic discord. Through this type of group learning, individuals learn that nothing is related and that one subject cannot outrage another subject. This limits the possibilities of science, math, art, etc. By interrelating subjects, one student who is not provoke in a certain genre may see how their convey of choice hinges upon another subject such as math calculations to art (i.e. M.C. Eschers tessellation).Dewey brought to the foreground of early American pragmatism in the 1900s that teachers should teach according to how the student learns. Thus, the teacher must know the interest of the student, and therefore, the student will make an effort to learn if it is something for which they already have a propensity. Unlik e Herbart, Dewey taught that a teacher cannot force a child to learn or even been interested in a subject, it is something the student has to choose.There are five components by which progressive education has worked confirmatory interdependence, promotive interaction, individual accountability, interpersonal and small-group skills, and group processing. Each of these components teaches students and teachers that learning is not achieved through route memorization but through fighting(a)ly winning part in lessons and developing independent thought.Active learning should be a base by which each classroom is structured. In analysis, progressive learning simply means that students arent spoon-fed the correct answers but instead they question the subject and come up with their own hypothesis and then are allowed to check to see if it is correct They are not turn over the answers and taught to memorize but instead are taught to fighting(a)ly engage in each school subject and come to their own conclusions through priggish problem solving techniques (this is applicable in any genre). In active learning, questions are just as important as the answers. Plato highlighted that disciples need to echo as well as learn for themselves and take what they learn in a classroom setting as a guideline to real life as is stated in his forms.Teachers then are stipulation the duty of making sure they engage students in becoming active learners. Through formal and informal learning, this accomplished. Progressive education in American History is then implemented in the learning strategy of all classrooms together. Cooperation means learning with a group and giving succor to everyone participating in that group. A school then, is merely a larger backstage of the classroom group which in turn is an extension of the smaller learning groups within the classroom. The focal point of pragmatism then become the join of Fine Arts in education.That is, fine arts as the nuclear fu sion reaction between art, math, history, languages and science. It is with Deweys definition of pragmatism that art is a bases by which teachers teach (he considered teaching an art) and how students learn (also an art form) and thus, subject matters were understood through art concepts. Congruency is a term that permeates both progressive education and pragmatism, for the students and teachers. With the assorted relation of subject matters implemented in progressive education Dewey came to disclose the hands on experience, thus Dewey believed that learning was manipulative in which the learner abided by the laws of situation in order to be properly excite and it is through this that Platos system of inquiry is found.In a progressive education then, the common and ultimate goal of the entire system is to purify learning, and the avenues by which material is learned by the students. Progressive education also entailed elements of Humanism as thought of by other philosophers and educators of the time period. In the concern for the individual that pragmatists exhibited, it was only natural that Humanism be snarly in the philosophy.Humanism is the value of each person and that feeling broad throughout the human race. Dewey as well as Platos belief in humanism was only part of the interdisciplinary status of progressive education. Another strong element within the understanding of progressivism was liberalism. That is to say that liberalism feature with progressive education formed a cohesion of social jurist and advocacy consent.Progressive education should be understood within a social context, and not be misguided by ideas pertaining to Constructivism which is similar but models itself towards pupils gaining their knowledge based purely and solely on individualistic efforts, instead of the hands on experience involved with pragmatism.Progressive education, as it is involved with the education system of America from the 1880s throughout the 1920s was a sy stem in which pupils were encouraged to challenge themselves with their own knowledge polar with the knowledge they gained in a classroom. Pragmatism was about finding new solutions to old problems and continually challenging those solutions to find better answers.The combining of all subjects through fine arts application was essential to the development of pragmatism in the classroom and enabled students to find interest in areas which would otherwise be off limits because of their lack of attention in subjects which they were not interested. Progressive education has its origins in pragmatism and the separation of the two is problematic to the understanding of American education during the specified time period.

How does the body obtain and utilise energy? Essay

The cardiovascular brassThe myocardium, commonly refer red ink to as the heart, acts as a nub for transporting subscriber line approximately the body via a collective dust, know as the cardiovascular system. This system has different components tune vessels brinyly arteries, veins and capillaries. The cardiovascular system has four main functions inwardly the body. Firstly to transport dissolved atomic number 8, endocrines, solid foods, salts, enzymes and urea to cells located virtu aloney various places within the body, whilst at the same time eliminating any unwarranted products such as carbon dioxide and water. Secondly, to protect the body from infection and blood loss.Thirdly, to distribute heat around the body to enable a legal temperature of 37oc and finally to aid the body to maintain fluid balance. This human pump can be regarded as two pumps. The fist sized organ contains two muscular chambers the upper chamber the atrium and the lower the ventricle. The pro per(ip) side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the veins to the lungs for oxygenation, whilst the left side pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body. It is measurable to none that the two sides be separated by a septum. The blood flows through the heart twice within one cycle, this is known as double circulation.The cardiovascular system carries oxygen and glucose to the cells and transports waste products such as co2 and urea away from the cells and to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and kidneys. Adenosine triphosphate, as well known as ATP, is a chemical heartiness that is aimd when nutrient molecules ar burnt. ATP is constantly being produced on a occasional basis due to the break overmatch of glucose. Glucose is a sugar which is the main etymon of faculty for the body. Glucose is flyspeck down and the energy from the glucose molecule chemical bonds atomic number 18 leavingd and utilized by the cell to produce ATP molecules. Catabolism is a metabolic action that breaks down more complex molecules, such as lipids and proteins and trans mildews them into simpler molecules, such as fatty acids and amino acids in devote to release energy. The breakdown of food allows energy to be released as the foodsmolecules bonds are breaking. This energy is then utilized to refine the bonds that have been garbled to enable an addition of ATP to be created. More energy can be produce when oxygen is present. An aerobic production of ATP takes place within the mitochondria. The broken down food molecules enter the blood stream. The blood is a pellucid which is made up of red and white cells.The red blood cells are attached to a protein called hemoglobin, (which is responsible for giving blood its red appearance) oxygen is present within these red blood cells. Glucose is dissolved in the plasma. plasm consist of water, fats, proteins and salts. Plasma is responsible for transporting blood cells through away the body and nutrients i.e. glucose, It as well transports waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins and hormones. Iron is also present within red blood cells and iron attracts oxygen. The cells require oxygen to produce energy.The body would not receive the nutrients it inevitably if the cardiovascular system was not in place, accordingly it is essential. The cardiovascular system is dependent on metabolic reactions. The heart itself needs ATP to function therefore the CV system would not encounter without the products of metabolism.The digestive systemThe digestive system consist of various variety meat such as, the pancreas, take over and bitter bladder, which all educate together to interchange food into energy and to extract the vital nutrients that the body requires to function efficiently. The digestive system has several components which all have their own duties to carry out in order to break down the food step by step. Although digestion has several travel there are two main forms of digestion that thesesteps fall into. The first form being mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into little pieces by chewing. The second form being chemical digestion. This involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients with the assistance of digestive enzymes such as, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Digestive enzymes are proteins that break up large molecules of food into smaller molecules to enable them to be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrition.The digestive tract plays a vital role within the digestive system, it is a thermionic vacuum tube that is responsible for going the food to be only broken down. It consist of the mouth, pharynx, defile, the small and large intestines and the anus. The other variety meat that work within the digestive system include teeth, tongue, three pairs of salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas and the gall bladder. The teeth cut and grind the food in order for it to be swallowed, the salivary glands also produce and secrete salvia to aid the swallowing. As stated before there are three salivary glands which all carry out a different function the parotid, which produces amylase in order to digest the carbohydrates. The submandibular provides mucin as a form of lubrication for the food bolus to travel down the esophagus to the stomach. Finally, the submandibular which secretes mucus. The tongues job is to roll and mix the food into a formulae known as bolus, which consists of small pieces ofmashed up food.Once the bolus is made, the tongue pushes it towards the pharynx and into the esophagus during the process of swallowing. The esophagus takes the food down to the stomach. The stomach is where the food is churned and mix together with gastric fluids, such as enzymes and hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach walls to make a paste like substance known as chyme. The alimentary canal is the small intestine. The alimentary canal is a tube tha t flows from the mouth to the anus. It consist of three parts the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum is attached to the stomach and is majorly knotty in the breaking down process. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas to the duodenum. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down proteins, fats and carbohydrates.The pancreas also performs the role of producing insulin,which is the main hormone responsible for metabolizing sugar, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. The jejunum and the ileum absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream. Contents of the small intestine ab initio begin semi-solid and transform into complete liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile enzymes and mucus are responsible for the change in consistency. The villi are vital for the absorption of digestive nutrients. The cells of the villi transport the food from the digestive tract into the bloodstream where the body can utilize them efficiently. The villi increase the progress area of the small intestine, they also contain specialized cells which transfer various types of nutrients into the blood. The liver then takes over and processes the absorbed nutrients from the small intestine.Liver also secrets bile into the small intestine which aids in the digestion of fats. There is a muscular tube known as the colon, which provides a pathway from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine plays a crucial role within the digestive system, it is responsible for processing waste which allows the emptying of the bowels to be aristocratical and efficient. Undigested food is transferred from the small intestine to the large intestine. Once in the large intestine water is reabsorbed and undigested food and fibre are eliminated.After this process the food waste products harden and turn into faeces. Which are finally excreted via the anus. Once food has completed the process of digestion and has completely broken down, energy is provided to e nable physical activity from walking to talking, from sports to working. Food provides the energy that is essential for everyday tasks. It also provides energy for involuntary activities such as, thinking, breathing, nerves, organs (especially the heart) to carry out their functions and the ability to build and repair tissues.

Sub Prime Crisis

imeContent Page Sub prime crisis http// chamfering. ab bug out. com/od/mortgages/a/mortgagecrisis. htm http//www. lewrockwell. com/rozeff/rozeff203. html http//www. slideshargon. net/satanic/subprime-crisis-pre directation-785636 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ca determinations_of_the_2007%E2%80%932012_global_financial_crisis http//www. investopedia. com/articles/ frugals/09/lehman- companions-collapse. asp http//ezinearticles. com/? Merrill- kill-and-the-Subprime-Mortgage-Market&id=1600761 http//www. youtube. com/ lookout station? v=kb6g3S4scy4 http// silvermorning. com/2008/09/22/ quotation-default-swaps-2/ ttp// coin. cnn. com/2008/09/16/news/companies/aig_questions/index. htm http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Credit_ rank_agencies_and_the_subprime_crisis Discuss the amaze of the Sub-Prime crisis and the parties trus 2rthy for causing such a crisis. There were different complex factors that whitethorn ask contributed to the Sub-prime crisis during 2008-2009. They were easily associa ted with the investment banks and goernment sponsored enterp aerodynamic lift, such as Fannie Mae, on how to fox dealt with their liquidness issues and Subprime mortgage adds that got them back-fired.One of the largest contributors to the expansion of the high-risk- contributes was Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. When majority of the banks first started onward with low honor fitted mention interest and easy conditions loans, situation was seen as an appreciating asset. Banks bump byered adjustable-rate-mortgage (ARMs) and Subprime loans to tot totally(a)y kind of people with good or freehanded identifications lots as they wanted higher r stock-stillue when they resell the bundled subprime mortgages called the Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and Mortgages- support securities (MBS) to the other Investors near the world.The subprime crisis had shaken Northern Rock bank so badly that they had a hard time seeking help to keep the business going. The British banks Lloyds T SB group Plc had bought over HBOS Plc whom is the largest mortgage loans lenders. Bradford & Bingley took control over by UK regime while their branches were taken over by Spains Santander. Germany struggled to save hypodermic Real Estate while Nomura Holdings Inc was being bought over by Lehmans franchise in many countries such as Europe, Asia Pac, Japan and Australia.The Crisis caused shockwaves and displace panic to the other neighbouring countries causing shares to filter sharply over a con period of time. Commercial Banks, investment banks, investors and people suffered great losings resulting in certain foreclosure or yet bankruptcy. Large join of loan was besides taken from hedge notes to help iodinself banks that are travel apart. When banks fell from its former glory, tons of people mazed their jobs and banks became more cautions when relations with any loans to business, properties or even to other banks.Traditionally, banks would go deep into analysing al l(prenominal) single loan applicant, from their credit scores, to their employment details, net disposable income and even to check their ability to recompense off their mortgage loans before finance the applicant with sufficient funds to spoil their desirable prop. Thorough checks had to be done before granting them with the loans as some of the applicants that came forward may engage high probabilities of defaulting their loan or would leave for other competitions for loan which would in conclusion cause a property downturn in the market.These methods were often the safest pickax but banks were restricted to their growth. The traditional methods were soon discarded by the newer coevalss. Hence, the newer generation were entrusting to take higher risk loans for higher revenues. Assuming that prices for property continue to appreciate, they would be enjoying higher boodle thus willingly offered big amount of loans at low interest rates to the borrowers. Before subprime m ortgage was implemented, prime mortgages were change to banks investors which they would bundle them up as CDOs and sell it to immaterial investors after securitising it.Securitization became a take aim as it provides the opportunity for rating agencies to rate, or in another words to repackage or beautify those poor credit score investment assets from the collateral pool into AAA grade credit score investment assets. Investors whom are not well versed with these bundled subprime mortgages called the CDO were overt to high risk investment unknowingly as they assumed that what they were handling was a group of people who have good credit scores.As banks at wallstreets began to greed, mortgage underwriting precedents de-proved during this period where the banks failed in these 3 sectors Failure to examine if the borrowers is able to re sacrifice the amount, implemented automated loan approval (which reserves users to get through even without proper documentations) and fabricat ing information or fraud by twain banks and applicants. This simply showed how devious and irresponsible the banks were when they try to gain huge profits through the loopholes of the poor standard mortgage underwritings over a short period of time.Studies showed that the difference between normal prime mortgage interests declined greatly comparing to subprime mortgages as Subprime mortgages offer better returns than the normal prime mortgages. The rise of the property increase greatly until the subprime mortgages began to default after repaying of the first two years, Federal interest rate rose and adjusted. Subprime loaners soon encounter difficulties in refinancing their houses due to ARMs, which eventually led to foreclosure after a a few(prenominal) example letters.As the bank investors included Subprime mortgages, which are defaulted, in the CDOs they are dealing to the away(p) investors. The outside investors soon suffer losings as the CDOs became worthless over a short p eriod of time and U. S propertys prices dipped as more foreclosure occurred. Economy was affected as few of these U. S. banks such as e. g. Peter Lehman which was refused by the Federal government to be gage out plunk for Stearns, an investment bank, which was acquired by J. P. Morgan Chase lost US$1. billion Washington Mutual was closed by the US Government their assets was bought over by J. P Morgan Chase. With reference to President Obama oral communication on his take on banks Too big to fail, The American people who are already struggling in their own office were forced to rescue financial firms liner crisis largely of their own innovation. The actual meaning of such is that the valuate payers have become the recourse net of the financial institutions which went into crisis and the tax payers are paying off their debt on behalf of them.President Obama likewise states that banks should not use tax payers money to trade for profit or abuse the funds coming from the tax p ayers as subsidy for investment. It is unfair to those tax payers as it will cause conflict of interest between the banks and the customers. President Obama also said that the Americans have to cut down on their luxuries to help in this crisis. The parties that are responsible for the crisis are, Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, Merrill Lynch & Co and AIG. Bear Stearns used to be a conservative firm and see conservation as a defensive move.Eventually, they are discovered of risking the hedge funds for higher turn-over which they miscalculated investing huge amount (without setting aside a sum for event risk) in CDOs and insuring Credit default swaps (CDS) bonds in a short period of time and the cash back was too slack off for them to have a turnover in time of crisis which brought them to their failure. To put it in a simpler way, they leverage CDOs that are deemed to be rated AAA by rating firms, sells them to investing banks (usually in bundles and at the cheaper r ates) and then again sells them to investors.This allows the bank to loose itself from the principles and interests they are getting for the borrowers gaining lump sum from the investors, called Mortgage backed securities. The CDS bonds workings with 3 parties which are the CDS buyer, the bond issuer and the CDS seller. Assuming that if bond defaults when the CDS issuer is unable to pay back the principle and the interests at the maturity date, the CDS buyer may pay a certain amount of interest to the CDS seller (for instances, Bear Stearns) to buy a CDS as an insurance for the invested amount.Therefore, if the bond issuer is unable to pay up, the CDS buyer that made his purchase of CDS with the CDS seller will be compensated by the CDS Seller. This strategy is known as the absolute return strategy, if everything flows smoothly and economic continues to boom, which was not the case. Problem began to arise when the subprime mortgages didnt work out and property apprize dipped tre mendously. When the property price dipped, Bear Stearns managers realised that they do not have sufficient funds to protect the losses.Its a domino result when public was enlightened of Bear Stearns crisis. They started change the bonds at lower price to fund their losses and more bonds are sold when they realise that the losses increase exponentially causing the price of the subprime bonds to drop tremendously and eventually led to the down fall of Bear Stearns. in short after the downfall of Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers filed the largest amount of debt throughout the history, debt of $619 Billion dollars. As the U.S government refuses to bail them out, Lehman Brother, one of the few largest banks in U. S. faces their downfall and sent 25,000 Americans jobless. This tremor caused by Bear Stearns directly result in the diminish value of CDOs prices day by day. CDS bond causes banks to fail as more and more defaults are happening. Subsequently, it led to the bank liquidity issues and went into a credit crunch while being unable to sell their CDOs to sufficiently assist the losses they face.Lehmans stocks plunged as investors pull out on them and their liquidity pool depletes. Lehman then tries to sell their firm to prevent further losses but potential drop partners turned them down as such, led to their bankruptcy. right wing after the downfall of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, Merrill Lynch & Co followed up, facing the crisis as they are into generating commissions, subprime loans, CDOs and such which are similar with what Bear Stearns and Lehman brother dealt with.On top with what they are dealing with, they took an extra path by providing loans to investors for the purchase of their bundle of CDOs right after they have been securitized. Some of the CDOs are even brought over from nonbank institutions and sent for a much risky asset backed securitization (ABS), before providing more loans to the investors for the purchase of the bond. This was also the reason why Merrill Lynch was able to survive as they are the most aggressive when dealing with subprime market.Merrill was the investment banks that grass the highest amount of loans to any nonbanks as long as they sell the mortgages to Merrill eventually. Before Merrill falls, they actually tried to get Bear Stearns to pay them back the $850 million from the hedge funds which Bear loans hoping to make a turn over. However, the hedge funds collapsed and started the economic crisis. It was when Lehman brothers was still struggling, the government refuses to bail them out but instead requested The Bank of America to buy over Merrill Lynch as they see them both a potential assistance to the subprime crisis.Merging Merrill Lynch and Bank of American, it made them the ninth largest corporation in the world and presently called the Bank of American Merrill Lynch. American International class Inc (AIG) was the largest insurance come with that grew aggressively in U. S. The problems arise when AIG started to lose money in the investment they dealt with like CDOs, CDS, Pool of subprime mortgages and pool of Alt-A mortgages. Without a doubtfulness they were earning a huge amount of premium incomes from their invested products, they came crashing when the prices of the properties falls.Increasing rate of foreclosure and amount of the loan pools it had insured cannot be leveraged and realized that their company do not have enough money for pay-outs. The Securities and Exchange Commission also found out that AIG had got low integrity as they shifted from the main balance sheet to the off balance sheet to cover up the problem. There werent transparence as the company tries to move or shift the amount that was conjectural to be shown on the main balance sheet to the written off balance sheet, abusing the loopholes of the off balance sheet to beautify the main ones.They suffered the largest amount of losses when the rating firms such as meter & Poors, Moodys Investors Service and Fitch Ratings Inc lower the companys rating. AIG was already on the edge of bankruptcy when all the counterparties started to demand for their cash which they do not have. AIG was greedy and irresponsible and failed to assure that on that point was enough fund to pay-out all the insured parties. The U. S Government cannot let AIG fall as they are one of the largest insurance company, if they were to declare bankrupt, U.S will fall into a financial crisis and the insurance regulator will have to take over the firm and compensate the insured and it would create a tighter credit market for consumers and businesses trying to get loans. Thus, the U. S government cannot allow the economy to go down any further, they will have to use the tax payers money as a preventative net to bail AIG out. Credit rating agencies such as specimen & Poors (S&P) have been reprimanded as they are also one of the crucial groups of people that contributed to the subprime crisis .They handled complex securities such as the MBS and CDO which are from the loaners with bad credit scores and rated them highly so it could be sold to the investors. The underrated MBS and CDOs that the investors purchase caused them to suffer great losses. It comes hand in hand, as without the rating agencies doing, the bank would not be able to resell the CDOs and MBS. It was ridiculous as a subprime loaner with a bad credit score can be securitized and rated as AAA ratings. It was also said that part of the revenue that the banks got from selling the CDOs and MBS are shared to the agencies.Competitions happened between different rating agencies as all of the wants to enjoy the high influx of revenue which eventually caused the rating standard to drop tremendously due to the conflict of interests. A source from (from where) also states that due to the low standardization in the ratings from the agencies, the AAA CDOs and MBS that went through securitizations treble the amount a s it used to be. As rating the CDOs and MBS is the rating agencies job, they are not held responsible for the compensations to the investors as ratings, was only a piece of advice from them to make references to.TO sum it up, investment banks was unable to rectify the illusion of how property value would climb continuously thus causing a domino effect that ultimately caused their downfall. When there is rise, there will always be a fall. As the bank did not foresee such circumstances touch on the prices of property, hence continued with the high-risk-loans to everyone and anyone that applies for a grant to purchase a property. It all falls into place when rating agencies started lowering their rating standard to postulate with their competitions due to favouritism of their own interests.

Five basic components of human societies Essay

thither be five basic components of the human societies universe, culture, material products, complaisant organization, and social institutions. These components whitethorn either discourage or promote social change. The sizing of population lead greatly affect the social change. If the population is large, chances are social changes will be promoted. More people will ordinarily result in to a greater extent ideas, pushing for changes because a larger population will generate more problems and it has a greater need for solutions. A large population will also have more norms and laws and sanctions. socialisation includes values, beliefs, norms, knowledge, language, and symbols. Culture can both deter and promote social changes. A bon tons belief and values can be indwelling for technology to grow and develop. Some societies tend to be more unprogressive and would like for things to continue to be the same, which will probable deter that society from social changes. However, as a society gained more knowledge, there will be people who will want to push for change because of that gained knowledge. saucy information and discoveries will result in new inventions.Material products exist of a limited amount. Material products will be more likely promote changes because people will try to find other alternatives for those existent products. Social organization is a network of relationship between its members. on that point are people who hold social come ins and political roles that may deter or promote changes. Reformers who hold office positions will persuade more changes in society while conservationist will want things to breathe the same.Social institutions consist of the grooming arrangement, family, economy, government, and religion. A societys education system has a big entice on the society. If that education system is promoting changes, people in that society will grow up having that thinking, guilt versa. A persons upbringing will also influe nce a persons push for change or bullying of change. The economys status holds great importance for change or not. If an economy is not doing so well, changes will likely occur. The government may be pushing for change if a reformist holds political position but if a conservationist will want things to be the same. godliness ties in with apersons belief and values. Depending on the religion, a person will be more likely to have virtuous values and religious beliefs that will either want change or deter from change.

Once upon a time Essay

These mechanical birds atomic number 18 books, with many wings, importation pages. The body shrieking without pain is laughter and the eyes melting argon the readers tears. Model T is a room with the cast aside inside A key is turned to free the knowledge base For movement, so quick there is a film To watch for anything missed. These 7th and eighth stanzas are talking about a car. This is simple as Raine refers to Model T, a well-known car. Raine says it is a room because you go inside of the car and you are away from the outside world.You need a key to turn the car on and off and to lock the car. As you read on, you can observe some of the poets influences for his writing. Raine is participating in a very ancient poetic ancient tradition. If you look at the poem as a series of riddles to be deciphered by the reader, then that hits us back centuries to the riddle poems in Anglo Saxon literature. In stanzas 10-13, the following lines are- In homes, a haunted apparatus tranqu illitys, That snores when you pick it up. If the locomote cries, they carry it To their lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds.And yet they wake it up deliberately, by tickling it with a finger. This is a reference to a phone, a haunted apparatus. If it cries- rings, we pick it up to our lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds, meaning we speak into it. If we tickle it with a finger, we dial into it. The following lines take for possibly the most bizarre descriptions of the whole poem- Only the late are allowed to suffer Openly. Adults go to a punishment room With water except nothing to eat. They lock the door and suffer the noises Alone. No one is assuage And everyones pain has a different smell.These are credibly the hardest stanzas in the poem, but with some hard implying, the lines all make sense- A punishment room with just water is a bathing tub. When Raine writes, only the young are allowed to suffer openly he is talking about a baby getting their nappies changed in the open. Yet, us adults have to go to the bathroom and suffer our pain alone. Raine has written three exceptional stanzas, nobody actually thinks about their own or other peoples day by day use of the toilet. It is chiefly unspoken about and could almost be seen as a taboo subject, not to be raised in public.The sound two stanzas end on a peaceful note- At tincture when all the annotates die, They hide in pairs And read about themselves In colour, with their eyelids shut. This is a normal full day seen in the Martians eyes. It has now progress to an end, reading about yourself in colour with your eyes shut, is quite obviously understood as dreaming. These two poems twain share one very significant subject which links them unitedly overall, but it is important to state first the similarities and differences between each someones work.Gabriel Okara reckons to feel strongly about the idea of such insincerity in our mannerisms and ways of utter in everyday western bree ding, as it is not like the hospitable place his homeland was. Gabriel Okara seems to be speaking from his own mind, about how he feels about this environment. Craig Raine has been born and bred in England, and doesnt talk about a strange westernised country like Gabriel Okara, but about life on this planet in general. Craig Raine does not seem to be annoyed at our everyday customs (or if he is, he hides it in his wording very well), merely humoured at how humans generally structure their lives.With Gabriel Okaras style of writing, there are no riddles to bring on and his poem is structured very differently in contrast to Craig Raines. Okara evidently starts with Once upon a time, son, which is straightforward enough, rather than Caxtons are mechanical birds with wings, which can baffle most readers. Gabriel Okara is quite biased about the cold place he has come to, not at all like his native Nigeria. He certainly did not indicate to humour the readers. I think that Raine wrote this poem to give his mind a rest from the real world.Perhaps he wrote it for pleasure and humor. I think this would be an enjoyable type of poem to write. Raine wanted his readers to be humored, to see life through somebody elses eyes, who has never seen life on Earth before. Also, the Martian seems merely bemused by human life and our everyday rituals. Mysteriously, the Martian never discusses what life on his planet was like, inappropriate Gabriel Okara whom describes the warmth he used to encounter before. However, despite these many differences, the poets come together on one extremely important subject.It is, the way we take our lives for granted while others, unsuspectingly wander around feeling disordered at all the social and physical complexities of the strange and alien world around them. The poets both write about separate characters commenting on their experience in another place, and not feeling at ease with it as the other members of the population are. It is true that one poem is quite dark and the other is lighthearted, the stanzas and couplets are differently placed, the wording is different etc, but overall, the characters in question are both feeling out of place and disturbed about all the common perplexities.They comment on life on this Earth we experience every day and take for granted. We hardly eyeshade how a car may sound to an outsider or how It was elegant having you here today with us could hurt a guest or client who knows you didnt mean what you said. We are all so inclined to our lives we do not think much of how it may seem to anybody else who has never been in that state of environment.

Movie Analysis Paper on The Joy Luck Club

The motion-picture show I selected is The Joy Luck Club that illustrates the gap and the misunderstanding among foreign-born m opposites from china and their Ameri offer-born daughters who are ignorant of their culture, life, morals, and ways. Jing-mei, the main character in the film, has taken her arrest, Suyuans place playacting mahjong in a weekly gathering that her deceased aim had organized in China and revived in San Francisco- The Joy Luck Club. The clubs other members- auntie Lindo, Ying-ying, and An-mei are three of her mothers oldest friends and fellow immigrants.The ikon, which was record after the success of the book by Amy Tan, alternates viewpoints from all(prenominal) set of mother-daughters story, in which each recalls the relationship with their possess mothers. Following that, the daughters- Waverly, Jing-mei, Lena, and roseate, relate their recollections of their puerility relationships with their mothers. As they grow up, they narrate the troubles in th eir marriages and careers. The daughters search for solutions inevitably brings them back off to their relationships with the older generation.Once I went over the movie list on the guideline, I instantly knew that I was going to choose this movie as the ring popped up. The Joy Luck Club has always been one of my favorite books in my teenage years. I was setoff introduced to the book version by my face tutor in 7th grade, and found it fascinating as it reflects the similitude the movie has between my family and myself. My family emigrated from Taiwan to the U. S. when I was 9-years-old, so that partly make me an Asian American who can speak a decent measurement of Chinese.Grewing up, I was a strugglee of the clash between the twain opposing cultures of the easterly and West as I interacted with friends from the American culture and parents from the Chinese culture. As I read the book, I can strongly relate the stories to my testify personal experiences, like acting as obedi ent daughter by playing the piano to make mother proud, and mothers analyze each of their sister to others. The book encouraged me to reflect back to my relationship with my own mother, and challenged me to phone about my own identity as a 1.5-generation Asian American.The first time I mark offed the movie was after I finished rendition the book in 7th grade. At that time, nothing really discharge me much, that may be partly because I was not emotionally progress enough to have had enough experience to relate to the stories. So instead, I was scarcely focusing on how the plots in the movie were different from that in the book, what scenes were left out in the movie that were included in the book, how each characters look is compared to my own imaginationetc.But as I watched it a second time in the past few days, the feelings just progressed so strongly that it turned out irresistible to refrain from tears, peculiarly during the delay scene as Jing-mei reunited with her lon g lost Chinese half-sisters as she returned back to China. I guess, as I am now a young adult now, I can more maturely sequestrate the emotional feelings of the daughters to my own feelings as an Asian American. I now assay to treasure the time I get to spend with my mom, and respect, appreciate the each little thing she did for me bit I was growing up.Throughout the movie, there were some(prenominal) scenes perpetuating parti pris and discrimination. Gender role is a big problem that can be easily identified. For example, in China, Lindo was forced to live al most(prenominal) as a servant to her mother-in-law and husband, conforming to idealized roles of feminine submission and duty. another(prenominal) example is that An-meis mother being raped by her father, that she essential tie him to pre dish out her honor whereas he, as a man, may marry any number of concubines without being judged harshly.In America, the daughters as well as encountered the problem of sexism as the y grew up. Roses passivity with Ted is based on the stereotypical sexual practice roles of a proactive, heroic male and a submissive, victimized female. Lenas agreement to serve as a mere associate in the architecture self-coloured that she helped her husband to found, as well as her agreement to make moreover one seventh of his salary, may also be based on sexist ideals that she has absorbed. After watching the movie, I became more aware of the humble role women play in both Chinese and American culture.Men were undoubtedly in a dominant position socially, economically, and sexually. Discrimination against ethnicity can also be seen in the Chinese in-group from the daughters behaviors. Even though the daughters were genetically Chinese and have been raised in Chinese households, they also identified with and entangle at home in modern American culture. Waverly, Rose, and Lena all had uninfected boyfriends and husbands, yet they regarded their mothers customs and tastes as ol d-fashioned and ridiculous.They have also washed-out most of their childhood escaping their Chinese identity- Lena would walk around the neighborhood with her eyeball opened to the widest to make them look European. Jing-mei denied having any internal Chinese aspects and insisted her Chinese identity was limited only to her external features. Waverly would have joyfully clapped her custody if her mother had told her she did not look Chinese. The examples mentioned above depict some of the prejudice the daughters formed against their own Chinese ethnicity.Not only does prejudice comes from the in-group, it comes from the out-groups as well. The most conspicuous example is when Roses mother-in-law pulled Rose aside and seek to convince her that Ted was going to work for a big firm, that other battalion are not as understandable as them, at the comparable time indirectly asking her to leave Ted because she was not White. some other example is when Waverly introduced Rich into th e family and brought him home for dinner.Lindos condescending gaze at Rich when he did not understand the Chinese tradition of feeding and criticized her cooking made her being more despiteful of the Caucasian Rich. The last example I picked up on is at the very beginning, when Jing-mei was playing mahjong with the three aunties, and auntie Lindo commented on Jing-mei having known to play Jewish mahjong and not familiar with Chinese mahjong. She disdainfully expressed that the dickens types are entirely different, that Jewish mahjong has no strategy while Chinese mahjong is very tricky.Although just of a subtle hint, I translated it as auntie Lindos prejudice towards the Jews. Alongside from the prejudice and the discriminations, I found several of the old Chinese traditional stereotypes in the movie to be fascinating for me to relate to. The scenes where Jing-meis mother was escaping the Japanese war in China with the twin babies made me think back to my grandparents escaping the communist armies with my baby uncle and aunt and fleeing to Taiwan by a boat.The scenes where auntie Lindo and Jing-meis mother was sitting at Jing-meis piano recital comparing the accomplishments of their daughters made me relate back to when my mom was constantly telling me the kids in the neighborhood passing the piano exam with higher levels than me, or that my friends get ahead a very good score on the SAT, etc. Elements from the Chinese belief system- the twelve animal zodiac, the five elements, reappeared in the aunties explanations of their personalities in which I used to talk about to compare personalities with friends.One last stereotypical affinity I noticed is the mothers sacrifices of love. Many of the mothers make great sacrifices for their children and parents. An-meis mother sliced off a piece of her own flesh to personate in her mothers soup, superstitiously hoping to cure her through and through her obedience. Later, she perpetrate suicide in tell to protec t An-meis future precondition in Wu-Tsings household since she knew he was afraid of ghosts. Jing-meis mother also took an extra job cleaning the house in order to earn Jing-mei the opportunity to practice piano.These examples make me think back to my own mother, who decided to let our whole family immigrate to the U. S. in order to forefend my health problem with tympanitis (inflammation of the eardrum) that I caught for a long time since childhood. To junction it up, The Joy Luck Club is a wonderful movie to watch that explores the conflicts between the two Chinese generations in two different cultures through storytelling and viewpoints. One can definitely learn much about gender role and prejudice through watching this movie by presenting two very different cultures while learning to appreciate the difference.