Anthro Exam Notes and Review

Biological Anthropology offer demonstrate how populations vary (biological variations hair color, bank line type, and so forth ) that chivalric populations have evolved that neo serviceman populations ar evolving and changing with time. Biological/ Physical Anthropology Foundations In offs ? erudition of variation, concern over how species came to be. Major look into areas Paleontologys anthropology concerned with fossil hominids depicted object of human evolution.Pharmacology belonging to same taxonomic commit as humans study of vying order Primates study of nonhuman primates. Human fluctuation to describe and explain biological differences among dissimilar human populations. Biological study areas and specializations Molecular anthropology Astrology (study of skeletons) Paleontology forensic anthropology 2. Archaeology the study of the human past through material stiff embed In the innovate. Dont do dinosaurs, few do pyramids, and fewer do space aliens. elem entary Premise of archaeology Material remains studied were created and deposited in the past, plainly are studied in the present.Surviving archaeological nature is typically a pale reprehension of what actually happened in the past. Prehistoric Archeology 99% of human history is unfilmed before present historic archeology studies. Archeology right away Trash In landfills Is usually a good federal agency of the state of the economy (poor economy less(prenominal) trash). majestic 24. 2012 Applied Anthropology Work for non-academic clients, such as government agencies, union groups, and businesses. e precise last(predicate) four sub-disciplines Cultural, Linguistic, Physical (Biological), Archaeology August 27, 2012 explore Ethics Informed haveEspecially when performed on human subjects aesculapian look means the subject must(prenominal)iness be protected and aware of screen What Is Who is sponsoring the research? Who discharge you call with questions? individual ised safety and safety of the subjects Interpretation of entropy gathered Mimic categories Used by the people interviewed Ethic categories Used by ethnographer query Process Formulating research questions Obtaining shoping Conducting the research Interpreting the research print the results Subject mental attitude(s) of the Ethnographer(s) Country of origin Region, comm bingle Class Race/EthnicityGender/Sexual predilection Age Life experience genial Theories Current at the Time Research Conducted Interactions that occurred during field exploit How the people being represented subscribe to represent themselves to the ethnographer. How the ethnographer represents him or herself and interprets the interactions then and later. historic Events Before and during the research Types of Studies familiarity studies comparative studies Multi-sited (several research areas) Problem-oriented research Longitudinal research Team research Theoretical Trends in Cultural Anthropology Historic al ParticularisticIn the join States Franz Boas = father of anthropology in the United States Focus on Native Americans detect pagan artifacts, get laidledge Assumption indigenous glosss were disappearing in the face of modernity, so anthropologists needed to salvage that knowledge. A nonher all-important(a) goal argued that agri lasts are very tangled and all components off conclusion matter. ruth Benedict Margaret Made 0 Patterns of kindlyisation, culture and personality Structural Functionalism Developed in Britain and France What are the functions of structures and how do they make everything work?Theory sakes away from the fact that confederation can function organically and doesnt mouth what happens if the society is not functioning mightily or is malfunctioning. Influenced a lot of motifs rough religion and society. Bronchial Mammalians Polish, taught in Britain attribute as the person who came up with doing commodious field research for a stratum (living in the culture). Developed out of fieldwork that it is not enough to tell the natives to generate up to the provide and do interviews, but you must live with the people of a colonisation and see what happens on a daily basis to really understand the society.A. R. Radcliff-Brown Research in Africa Claude Levi-Strauss French Took Structural Functionalism and worked it with the mastermind Cultural Evolution and Cultural environmental science Concerns Adaptations to environments Historical Ecology imagines you cannot assume that things are organically created but you must learn people of the past. Leslie White, Julian Steward, and so on policy-making Economy Concerns Power relations and kind inequalities Pay guardianship to the relationships and power differences inwardly a particular society or culture. Stresses neighborly inequalities based on tell Influenced by the Marxist theoryCultural Interpretation and reflex(a) Ethnographers Reflections rough power relations h ave-to doe with in ethnographic research and piece of writing. In particular, reflections about the role of the ethnographer in conducting and writing up the research. Questions scientific claims to objectivity and truth. The idea that you must be someone from distant of the culture to analyze the culture beca engage you leave behind be more objective was questioned because what about the language or the subtle aspects of the culture that an outsider could not understand. Situates ethnography in history versus ethnographic present which do impersonations about groups.Early ethnographers were written in present tense. Present tense had a end to represent the cultures as unchanging. August 29, 2012 capital of Minnesota Arabian (1977) 1968 0 12 days after(prenominal) Morocco had achieved independence from France Arabians Subject Position Research Process Richard Abraham (taught Arabian Arabic Arabian saw Abraham as a friend) All Meeker Milk Post Modern, Post-colonial Feminist, D iaspora Studies, and so forthtera Changes in the forms of modern society Accounts for disparities among countries and the historical legacies of European colonialism.Accounts for inequalities based on sex, gender, and race-ethnicity that were not sufficiently counted for by political economys. Tong Cathy A. down(p) (1997) Voyages from Tong Villages to American Suburbs History Smalls subject perspective Research process Key cultural consultants Other research methods Self-Reflexive Ethnography US in-migration Policy 1796 0 handsome White Persons (men) ASSES O Slavery ends 1824/1924 0 subject Origin Quota Laws 1965 0 Immigration and Nationality Act 1986 0 Immigration iron out and Control Act Legal standing(prenominal) Residency Family Reunification 2005 of 1. Lion apt workers Investors Random lottery 2000 8 jillion applicants 1 10,000 selected 178 Tongs Refugees/political recourse cases Remittances is the money immigrants send back. Material wealth important for some aspec ts of life in Tong. Tong History 1500 B. C 0 Polynesians come to settle 875 0 Stratified Chiefdom low-toned chiefs Specialists Commoner farmers 1150 0 Lounge Tu Tong capital 1 575 0 4-tiered tomb folk 5 Tong Kava Drinking Ceremonies people were coherent and served by their social status typically women do the serving to men. Religion Original deitysHouses (Supreme god) Loyola (rain, wind, agriculture, harvest) maim (holding up the islands) 5 sea gods god for craftsmen At to the lowest degree 300 gods Soul gods Mischievous gods Celebrations Community celebrations and exchanges Ceremonial wealth (kola) Tap cloths and mats baskets of viands Blankets, cash, etcetera Weddings and funerals First natal day, 21st birthday Tautology Special dance performed by women could be difficult learn family relationship and Raising Children The Tong way (nag factions) Respect (including tapes) Children could not touch top of fathers head Exchanges, obligations (gave)Outside/ inner Expectation t hat cooking is outside of house and eating is separated from cooking. Kinship and Households beget = head disciplinarian Brformer(a)s, sisters Relationship becomes a lot more formal after puberty. Eldest brother, eldest sister high gear expectations must fulfill roles if a demise occurs. Eldest sons futuristic privilege is that they get the land. Fathers sister Could have the children if she wanted very important role.Mothers family Adoption Contact with Europeans 1616, 1643 0 Dutch explorers asses 0 Captain crowd together Cook (British) 1797 0 London commissioning Society (Boson) sass 0 weight ships, Whalers asses 0 Wesleyan Methodist missionaries Wars of while/Civil Wars and conflicts between chiefs 1834 0 emerging Chief converts 1845 0 Becomes King George I 1875 0 Some chiefs, land, taxes, etc. 1900 0 British Protectorate 1954 0 independency Mourning period for a kings goal is 10 days. Businesses are expected to be closed during the mourning period.With the last kings last the mourning period was deck September 10 Culture At least 365 different definitions Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, cleans, law, custom, and every there capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Taylor 1871). Going to be a member of a peculiar(prenominal) society Characteristics of Culture Learned retention 2-3 feet of space between you and someone you dont know intimately was never a taught thing, but is learned implicitly by observation.Systems of emblematic Meanings Religious symbols (I. E. A cross) entail a lot of meaning people. Culture teaches us how to express biological or inherent urges in particular ways. What, when, and how to eat all-encompassing In other words, not curb to high culture, fine arts, great literature, etc. All that relates to everyday life. Integrated opposite aspects of culture are interrelated, patterned systems. brotherly scientists focus a lot of attention on trying to determine various pattern s and relationships.Changes in one aspect of culture usually entail changes in other aspects. Example increasing numbers of women in the U. S working outside the collection plate from the asses on. People use culture actively and creatively. Culture as a process vs.. A thing. Once you start thinking of culture as a process, change can take place. Various forms of knowledge and utilisation Culture can be adaptative or maladaptive with respect to the (natural and/or cultural) People raised with certain rules and norms, scarcely Rules and norms vary according to subject positions of individuals.Gender, age, etc. They are subject to interpretation. They can be contested and changed. There are struggles at bottom cultures (and among different groups of people) over the meanings of symbols, ideas, values, and practices. Ideals what people say they do or should do. Practices observed by members of that society (as well as anthropologists). Levels of more cultures have origins before nation-states were ever created. However, today International or transnational cultures pass out of global capitalism, commercialism.Many struggles over values and meanings. National cultures Subcultures (within nations) I. E. The South in the U. S. Has several distinguishing factors. Region, ethnicity, language, class, religion, age, etc. Cultural Relativism Practices in one culture should not be Judged by the standards of some other culture. Vs.. Ethnocentrism, Human Rights, Cultural Rights Analyzing Cultures Universities You must eat, you must sleep, etc. Generalities Common in galore(postnominal) different cultures ParticularitiesSeptember 12 Rites of Passage Separation, Limitability, internalisation Collective Limitability Community spirit, solidarity, effervescence (some) social hierarchies are temporarily suspended. Equivalent of bazaar in Brazil is Marci Grass in the United States. Religion Beliefs and rituals concerned with apparitional beings, forces, and powers (Wal lace 1966 5 cited in Cotta). Rituals Formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped, practices usually performed in special places at set times. mixer acts, typically with groups participation, versus audience, religious/secular Functions of ReligionPersonal or group transformations Through rituals and rites of passage pull in a sense of group unity Through shared practices (rituals and rites) Explain the cryptic Reduce disquiet, offer hope cooperate people cope with adversity Joy, fear, etc. Reduce or create anxiety Control nature and/or social worlds Achieve specific aims Provide moral codes (or values) Guide practices and beliefs set about regret, guilt, shame Produce the need for forgiveness Capotes in southern Mexico and live in Cacao and use the economic system of Slaughter to fund economic practices.